Patrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence The Life and...

Patrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence: The Life and Legacy of FDR is a critical analysis of the policies, programs and decisions invoked by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Maneys analysis and opinions of important historical events brought forth by Roosevelt such as The New Deal, Court Packing and World War II are off-beat to say the least. Maney attempts to bring to the table an objective analysis of FDRs life and policies, with hopes of indulging the reader in what he believes is the truth. Although Patrick J. Maney attempted to come off as an objectionable historian, it is evident that he vastly injected his own opinions and beliefs into his analysis. Patrick J. Maneys views do not necessarily belittle FDR completely, but†¦show more content†¦By that year too, he seemed destined to leave the White House not in triumph but in defeat (Maney 88) One of the key policies that were analyzed in the book was the New Deal. The New Deal is perhaps one of the most popular policies put into place, and is commonly the first thing to enter a persons mind when FDR is mentioned. The New Deal was thought up and established in order to battle some of the hardships the masses felt during the Great Depression. The New Deal attempted to help provide relief for the unemployed, recover of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems. The New Deal presented itself with as many as fifteen new programs and legislation, the majority of which were intended to the poor and the masses. Maney believes that the New Deal was to fix the mistakes the government made by causing the great depression Under the auspices of the New Deal, the national government, while failing to bring full economic recovery, provided needed assistance to the unemployed and other disadvantaged groups and repaired some of the economic structural damage that helped cause the great depression. (Maney 47). Some of the key legislative acts that were implemented under the new deal were the Agricult ural Adjustment Act (AAA) which offered the farmers the promise of higher prices (Maney 49), the establishment of the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) which was

Marketing principles for organizations Free Essays

1. Marketing Philosophy The adoption of marketing is nearly as old as humanity itself.   Whenever there is a consumer demanding a product or service and a supplier willing to supply such good, marketing is adopted. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing principles for organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The marketing philosophy essentially entails the strategic organizational aim of determining needs and wants of selected markets and providing goods and services that satisfy such wants in a more efficient and effective way than competitors.   In the last decade several organizations started following such principle in order to endure in the market. For instance, McDonald’s Corporation applies a strong marketing orientation.   They are constantly keen on what the customer wants and change their products and services accordingly.   For example, McDonald’s adopted the philosophy of ‘QSC V’ to attract and retain clients.   It stands for quality, service, cleanliness and value.   They guarantee that clients enter a spotless clean restaurant and are served by friendly personnel.   Indeed employees are carefully thought the art of servicing clients in all regions across the world. Recently the aforementioned marketing concept has evolved to consider also the need of society.   The societal marketing philosophy, as it is commonly known, comprises that apart from determining the needs and wants of clientele in target markets and delivering goods and services that better than competitors, these goods and services are also provided in a way that sustain the society’s well-being. This is a challenging principle as one can note.   However, some meticulous organizations are already following it.   For example, when the tampered cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol were marketed by Johnson Johnson and ended up killing a number of persons, the company immediately collected back all the defective goods, even though the corporation supposed that the pills had been altered only in a few retail shops.   Although the collection expenses amounted to $240 million, the company managed to keep customers’ confidence and loyalty on the products offered, leading such good to remain a leading pain reliever in its market. 1.1   Need for market research As one can note, to successfully adopt an effective marketing orientation, it is important that managers are fully aware of the customers needs and wants.   To further compound the issue, today’s markets are extremely dynamic and susceptible to change.   For example, car manufacturers are extremely keen on customer tastes in order to produce vehicles in line with such wants.   Therefore management is required to be constantly on the alert of what the client is demanding.   The effectiveness of marketing intelligence systems to obtain such information is weak. The need thus arose of obtaining information directly from the market through marketing research. The marketing research process consists of the following four steps:  · Defining the problem and research objectives – market management and researchers define thoroughly the problem at hand and the research objectives that can aid in solving such issue.  · Developing the research plan – the information needed is determined at this stage.   Researchers will then seek the secondary data already available and how the primary data can be obtained.  Ã‚   Primary market data can be achieved through a variety of marketing research mediums available, such as experimental research, observational research and more.  · Implementing the research plan – once the methods of collecting information are set, the collection of such information commences in this stage together with the processing and analyzing of such information gathered.  · Interpreting and Reporting the findings – the last but not least step is the interpretation of the date collected and presented jointly with valid conclusions. Marketing research is a very expensive business operation, which sometimes may amount to millions of dollars.   However, the information derived is very valuable to the organization and can aid management in good decisions to be a market leader.   A typical example that comes to mind is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) venture in the Japanese market. Such market seems impenetrable by many American and European organizations.   The non-tariff barriers, the iron grip of the keiretsu kigyi (banking groups), and the committed Japanese workforce make it very complex for an outside firm to infiltrate their market.   KFC, yet, was capable to enter this market and is actually performing better than the United States Market.   As a matter of fact, in the 90s the 1,470 Asian outlets sales averaged 60% more than the United States average. Through vigilant marketing research the KFC management, comprehended that in large Asian cities there is an increasing absorption of young middle-class workforce with growing income who are eager to pay further for American-style restaurants.   This exposed the viability of the project to KFC managers.   Market research also brought to KFC attention that the number of Asian women in the labour force is increasing considerably, who has a smaller amount of time for food preparation at home and consequently the need for fast-food restaurants in Asia is increasing.   With this information KFC management instantaneously recognised the strategic window of opportunity that is available and took appropriate action to operate fruitfully in that market. 1.2   Marketing Mix Elements The marketing mix concept originated from Neil. H. Borden who suggests the utilization of the four main controllable variables of management to reach the marketing orientation approach.   The marketing mix elements are the following:  · Product – there are three levels of products, which the organization should classify their products in, because customer attitude and response would be different under each category.   These are augmented, actual and core products.   In marketing, the product quality and features are not the only elements that form a good product.   Today’s fierce competition demands that managers also focus on the product design apart from the ones previously mentioned.   Nike, for example, employs 60 designers and issue 500 different footwear designs each year.   Attention should also be directed towards branding, product packaging and labeling.  Ã‚   These are important features to attain market leadership. Every product or service marketed passes through a life, commonly known as product life cycle.   These are product development stage, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.   The other marketing mix elements described below should be in line with the stage the product is in to ensure a proper market orientation.  ·   Price – the price decision is also an important one.   Management can choose from three main categories, being cost based pricing methods, market pricing methods and competition based pricing methods.   The selection of the optimal price depends on internal and external variables.   Internal factors affecting pricing decisions are:   marketing objectives, marketing-mix strategies, costs and organizational considerations.   The external factors are:   market features and demand, competitors’ costs, prices and offers and other external factors like economic conditions.  · Distribution – the distribution channels utilized should be effective in order to ensure that the product is delivered more effectively than competitors.   There are different number of distribution channels used, like direct-marketing channel in which no intermediary levels are adopted, vertical marketing system and horizontal marketing system.   Under the latter two intermediaries are used.  · Promotion – the promotion mix is a very expensive but effective marketing mix element.   It can for instance sustain a product brand.   Promotion is also important to inform clients about the product or services offered especially at the introductory stage of a product/service.   The mass-promotion tools available are advertising, sales promotion and public relations.   These should be designed and implemented carefully to maximize their effectiveness.   Likewise it is important that personal selling maintain the messages adopted in the promotion mix through the sales force behavior with clients. 1.3   Final Thought – Benefits of Marketing Even though marketing seems elaborate it is very fruitful for a firm.   By understanding the customer we can reach the clients and sell our goods.   Client retention and market leadership can also be attained with the aid of marketing.   Failure to apply marketing to understand the client can be detrimental.   .   For instance, Disney made the fatal mistake of not separating European customers with American ones in the Euro Disney project. They originally designed a park similar to the American one, incorrectly neglecting the cultural differences that exist.   For example, they adopted a policy of serving no alcohol in the park.   This was extremely unpleasant to such culture because in France wine is habitual for lunch and dinner.   Thus the organization suffered $921 million losses in the first financial year, and had to rapidly change some aspects of the park in order to survive in the European market. References: Hartley R. (2000).   Management Mistakes Successes.   Sixth Edition.   New York:   John Wiley Sons Inc. Hume S (1990).   Advertising Age.   McDonald’s Fred Turner:   making all the right moves. Kotler P.; Armstrong G.; Saunders J.; Wong V. (1999).   Principles of Marketing.   Second Edition.   London:   Prentice Hall. How to cite Marketing principles for organizations, Essay examples

The 411 On Copyright For Net Photos free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Introduction Wow # 8211 ; who owns all these pretty images? Net Photog # 8217 ; s See me, experience me, touch me, pay me. Net Agencies Service with a chink of a mouse. Net Publishers All is just in love, war and publication. Net Users Free drive! Introduction If Francesca were alive today she could track her lover # 8217 ; s exposures from his home page alternatively of schlepping to the Piggly Wiggly to buy the latest National Geographic. Even if you are stuck in Peoria, [ 1 ] the household can garner around the cardinal board, open up your Happy Meals and view some of the Best Photography in the universe. You want images? Boy do we hold images, chink onto the Photo Net Index for a stock list of lensmans portfolios, galleries, and museums. Who owns the right of first publications to all these cool Internet exposure? This paper presents a sampling of sentiments and anticipations about the application of right of first publication jurisprudence to Net exposure in relation to modern-day lensmans ; stock exposure bureaus ; publishing houses ; and Net users. THE NET PHOTOG ENTREPRENEUR Internet Advantage Contemporary Photographers are making home pages to expose portfolios on the Net to publicize for occupations, learn new accomplishments, web with co-workers, and supply pleasance to the sing public. Stacy Rosenstock # 8217 ; s portfolio is an illustration of the first-class exposure art available for sing on the Net. Photographer/author/adventurer Philip Greenspun uses exposures to attach to text in Travels With Samantha Mr. Greenspun says that viewer response is one of the wagess for printing on the Net. [ 2 ] The Net is a alone medium for lensmans, offering one-on-one feedback from viewing audiences, fellow lensmans and critics on a graduated table non available from the typical art gallery or magazine locale. The graduated table is larger in footings of the figure of possible viewing audiences and the boarderless international screening audience who may take to shop. A computing machine understanding lensman may make a home page portfolio or seek show with one of the online galleries such as that Digital Wave Gallery, or that On Line Gallery. A lensman taking the Net as a show locale can besides utilize the net to larn about right of first publications. The American Society for media Photographers offers easy to read copyright information in the that Copyright Guide for Photographers. INFRINGEMENT ENFORCEMENT When a lensman discovers a exposure has been published without mandate, the lensman possibly able to procure an injunction, retrieve existent amendss and lost net incomes. [ 3 ] Mr. Weisgrau and Mr. Remer point out the legal advantage to composing a copyright notice on the exposure consisting of ( degree Celsius ) 1995 Artist # 8217 ; s Name. [ 4 ] That advantage is possible riddance of the guiltless infringer defence. [ 5 ] Innocent infringers may merely be apt for a just licensing fee. [ 6 ] An order to action an infringer the right of first publication holder must register the exposure. [ 7 ] In order to register the exposure, the lensman must possess the exposure. Traditionally this is non a job because the lensman would hold a negative, or a print or a slide or some touchable object as a exposure. If the lensman has scanned the exposure onto a place page or provided the exposure to a gallery so there would be no job if the lensman retains the original. See Philip Greenspun # 8217 ; s FAQ on exposure scanning. Similarly a Cadmium disc exposure would besides be touchable to register. However when a lensman uses a filmless camera this undertakings images straight onto a computing machine for real-time accommodation. [ 8 ] If a lensman were to upload this sort of exposure, some touchable print would still be required for enrollment. [ 9 ] The job of # 8220 ; arrested development # 8217 ; ` as it relates to photo # 8217 ; s on the Net will normally originate in the context of whether or non a exposure was # 8220 ; copied # 8217 ; ` by an infringer. [ 10 ] Certain passing graphicss like the type produced by Christo, have been the topic of contention in footings of the arrested development demand for right of first publication protection. [ 11 ] In the context of right of first publication protection for computing machine plans the Ninth Circuit held in MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer Inc. , that # 8220 ; copying for intents of right of first publication jurisprudence occurs when a computing machine plan is transferred from a lasting storage device to a computing machine # 8217 ; s RAM [ random entree memory ] . # 8217 ; ` [ 12 ] The tribunal described arrested development as # 8220 ; sufficiently permanent or stable to allow [ them ] to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. # 8217 ; ` [ 13 ] This determination as it relates to photos on the cyberspace may be a practical job of cogent evidence. Net exposure, like Christo # 8217 ; s sculptures, may be here today, gone tomorrow. Consequently the job will be a whether a # 8220 ; copyright claimant will be able to supply a tribunal documental grounds of the copyrightable capable matter. # 8217 ; ` [ 14 ] INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION International right of first publication protection is of particular importance to Net photogs. The Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention reference right of first publication in the international market. [ 15 ] Mr. Cinque outlines the three policies back uping copyright protection: incentive/dissemination ; morality/fairness ; natural jurisprudence. [ 16 ] Incentive/dissemination is the trade-off that society benefits from the work of originative creative persons while the creative person may harvest economic benefits. [ 17 ] Morality/fairness is the commercial facet of honoring the worker and penalizing unauthorised appropriations. [ 18 ] Natural jurisprudence embodies the construct that the writer owns her work and may make with it as she sees fit. [ 19 ] Sing these policies, Mr. Cinque argues that under the Berne Convention a right of first publication may be infringed when a work is copied or stored into a computing machine system because it is considered a reproduction. [ 20 ] The Berne Convention provides a lower limit of 25 old ages protection for photographic plants and member provinces may supply extra protection. [ 21 ] Mr. Cinque presents the instance for and against increasing planetary enforcement of copyright protections in the digital universe and concludes that international enforcement is necessary to go on to promote creative persons to portion work on-line. [ 22 ] ECONOMIC INCENTIVES Mr. Cinque # 8217 ; s position supports the widely held premise that artists require wide right of first publications with strong enforcement in order to actuate the production of new, copyrightable plants. The right of first publication act is aimed at protecting an artists # 8217 ; economic rights. [ 23 ] Economic theory is based on the construct that persons are # 8220 ; rational, profit-maximising creatures. # 8217 ; ` [ 24 ] But economic theory when applied to creative persons doesn # 8217 ; t explicate their full scope of motive. # 8220 ; [ I ] Ts would be hard to explicate why intelligent, presumptively rational people of all time become creative persons, a word more frequently associated with the adjectival # 8217 ; hungering # 8217 ; than with # 8216 ; wealthy. # 8217 ; ` [ 25 ] Net photogs appear generous with fellow internetters when it comes to non-commercial usage of exposure. On the other manus, no 1 likes person else doing money of their work. Photographer Philip Greenspun describes his defeat with unauthorised usage of his images in, The Somewhat Nasty Copyright Notice. As an creative person he non merely wants to acquire paid, but desires a certain quality degree for his exposure. On the other manus, Mr. Greenspun embraces the chumminess of # 8220 ; fellow internetters # 8217 ; ` by authorising redistribution of his text for non commercial intents and bespeaking a beginning ascription and hyperlink for exposures. Sharing Resource The chumminess among lensmans is farther evidenced by the wellhead of resources for lensmans on the Net. The Michigan Press Photographers Association brings lensmans together to portion information, as does the Atlanta Photo Journalism Seminar and legion other resources. One suggestion to help lensmans in protecting right of first publications and roll uping royalties is a centralised exposure bank. Mr. Franklin presents the instance for making a centralised service to licence exposures, collect and distribute royalties, and prosecute in license enforcement. [ 26 ] The centralised service would include a copyright notice and computing machine codification with the exposure in order to track usage. [ 27 ] A similar system was late established and is called United Image Royalties. [ 28 ] Employers A particular note to lensmans set uping home pages from work. Two writers warn of making plants utilizing an employer # 8217 ; s Internet connexion because work-related merchandises may be determined to be the belongings of the employer. [ 29 ] For illustration, Allen Rose, Ordinary Photographer is employed by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Mr. Rose # 8217 ; s hebdomadal exposure series is copyrighted to the newspaper. In a related affair, notice that Mr. Rose chose the location # 8220 ; originate # 8217 ; ` instead than something like # 8220 ; telestar # 8217 ; ` for his home page locater. Employees should be careful in taking web locaters so as to avoid hallmark jobs similar to MTV v. Curry, see Hallmarks Along the Infobahn. SK PHOTO AGENCIES Many lensmans use stock exposure bureaus to sell exposures. News magazines purchase a enormous sum of published exposures from stock bureaus. [ 30 ] For illustration in 1980 Time purchased 56.88 % of their published exposures from stock bureaus and free-lance lensmans. [ 31 ] A traditional stock exposure bureau publishes catalogues with thumbprint exposures which clients view and so buy camera ready prints. [ 32 ] Stock bureaus publicize exposures and besides negotiate licences in exchange for royalties. [ 33 ] See the SKPHOTO web site to larn about stock bureaus. One advantage of an online bureau may be the capacity to for clients to download exposures instantly. Another advantage to online bureaus may be enhanced research resources for turn uping the right sort of exposure among the 1000s in stock. Contract When a publishing house desires to buy a exposure from a stock bureau there may be several contractual agreements to weave through. These contract issues are determined by province jurisprudence where as right of first publication jurisprudence per Se is the topic of federal legislative acts. [ 34 ] Contracts may be between the topic and the lensman, the lensman and the stock bureau and possibly a digital rights agent. [ 35 ] Mr. Harrang states that a typical stock exposure bureau contract is a licence for # 8220 ; one edition only. # 8217 ; ` [ 36 ] The inquiry of what is # 8220 ; one edition # 8217 ; ` has been debated in the context of CD-ROM publications. In this context some argue that an ascent of the merchandise would be a 2nd edition necessitating a re-license fee. [ 37 ] Harring does non hold with this position and suggests that CD-ROM and online publishing houses can avoid the job with proper electronic licensing contracts. [ 38 ] An online stock bureau such as Corbis Media should be more familiar with structuring proper electronic rights contracts. [ 39 ] In footings of protecting right of first publications while exposing exposures online, Corbis puts a copyright notice in the upper left-hand corner of the exposure. [ 40 ] This right of first publication protects the digital file non the existent exposure which is copyrighted to the lensman. [ 41 ] PROTECTING COPYRIGHT WITH TECHNOLOGY Additionally, when a client desires to see a larger image of a exposure, the client chinks on the thumbprint exposure to entree the 6 ten 7 inch exposure. [ 42 ] To protect this right of first publication, Corbis adds a semitransparent water line on the image. [ 43 ] This method is non full-proof. CEO Doug Rowan admits that the water line could be eliminated by a proficient individual and they are working toward proficient betterment of the system. [ 44 ] Unlike other stock bureaus, Corbis online images are for prevue merely and are non for client downloading. [ 45 ] Net Publishers AND PHOTOJOURNALISTS In Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, See lawyer William Strong reassures traditional publishing houses that copyright jurisprudence will non be eviscerated by the Net. Copyright is grounded in the Constitution and assures a fiscal inducement to writers and originative individuals. [ 46 ] Mr. Strong takes the place that in a traditional writer contract allowing # 8220 ; all right, rubric and involvement in and to the work, including right of first publication # 8217 ; ` grants a publishing house wide rights to print electronically. [ 47 ] NEW CONTRACTS FOR E-RIGHTS When a publishing house drafts new contracts, Mr. Strong recommends that to guarantee that a publishing house is acquiring the whole ball of wax that the contract should read # 8220 ; the sole licence to reproduce the work and administer it by all agencies and media now known or afterlife discovered, including, without restriction, print, microfilm, and electronic media every bit good as the right to expose and convey the work publically on-line. # 8217 ; ` [ 48 ] This sort of # 8220 ; all rights # 8217 ; ` dealing is non popular among lensmans and the American Society of Media Photographers ( AMSP ) . cautiousnesss lensmans to see restricting a licence by clip, geographic country or media type. [ 49 ] It is interesting to observe, that seemingly Mr. Strong did non subscribe such a contract with the publishing house of his article, the Journal of Electronic Publishing ( JEP ) ) . The copyright notice indicates that the writer, non JEP, controls the right of first publication, accordingly commercial publication is prohibited in print or electronic signifier without permission of the writer. The tenseness between a publishing house # 8217 ; s desire to licence all rights to a exposure, and a lensman # 8217 ; s concern about # 8220 ; giving off excessively much # 8217 ; ` may gum up dialogues on the electronic publication frontier. [ 50 ] Mr. Harrang suggests # 8220 ; dividing legitimate concerns about altering engineerings from simple angst about unfamiliar technologies. # 8217 ; ` [ 51 ] For illustration, an writer may hold to licence rights to a CD-ROM publication but hesitate to a licence for online webs because of # 8220 ; metered usage # 8217 ; ` inquiries. [ 52 ] A declaration to this job may be # 8220 ; by understanding to negociate a just royalty sum in the hereafter based on the bing rates. # 8217 ; ` [ 53 ] For illustration, Time Inc. is offering an addition in photographer # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours rate from $ 400 to $ 500 per twenty-four hours to counterbalance for electronic rights for assignment exposures. [ 54 ] Time besides offers a royalty option offering a basal fee of $ 75 per image plus a royalty rate that varies depending on a figure of factors including English vs. foreign linguistic communication distribution. [ 55 ] Footings are to be reviewed in one twelvemonth. [ 56 ] About half the lensmans have signed the new understandings and the staying free-lances will go on to negociate licences for each exposure. [ 57 ] Time uses the exposures in their online magazines and other merchandises. [ 58 ] There is no understanding among the Board members of the American Society of Media Photographers sing the Time electronics rights policy. [ 59 ] The value of the rights is difficult to measure but ASMP board member Roger Ressmeyer believes that, # 8220 ; at issue is the really endurance of free-lance picture taking into the following century. # 8217 ; ` [ 60 ] Veteran lensman Douglas Kirkland sums up the state of affairs good, # 8220 ; If there wasn # 8217 ; t a significant value in these rights, [ Time ] wouldn # 8217 ; t be inquiring for them. # 8217 ; ` [ 61 ] On the other terminal of the spectrum, publishing house Conde Nast has refused to pay any extra fees for electronic rights. [ 62 ] INTERPRETATION OF PRE INTERNET CONTRACTS With respect to pre-Internet contracts, Mr. Strong predicts that where a contract is soundless on the issue of electronic publication, the publishing house has the right to bring forth the full diary in any signifier including electronic. [ 63 ] Mr. Strong points to the Copyright Act, # 8220 ; in the absence of a written understanding the right of first publication proprietor of a part to a periodical will be deemed to hold given the periodical publishing house merely the right to reproduce the article as portion of the issue of the periodical in which it appears and any alteration of that periodical. # 8217 ; ` [ 64 ] Mr. Strong says, # 8220 ; While technically this is non relevant to an reading of an existent written contract, I believe it is just to state that the givens which the legislative act creates here would likely be applied by any tribunal forced to cope with a contract that was silent on the inquiry of electronic rights. # 8217 ; ` [ 65 ] The reading of old contracts and electronic rights is the topic of contention between lensmans and, TIME Inc. Recently, Time republished some Life screen exposure for a Cadmium digest. Time associate advocate Laury Frieber maintains that the company need non pay the lensmans a reuse fee. [ 66 ] Alternatively the company sent a missive stating, # 8220 ; While as a legal affair we are non obliged to do any extra payments to reproduce our screens, in the spirit of this undertaking we decided to do a payment to all non-staffers whose images graced Life # 8217 ; s cover. # 8217 ; ` [ 67 ] The missive was accompanied by a $ 30.00 cheque. [ 68 ] Ben Chapnick of the Black Star image bureau disagrees with Time # 8217 ; s reading of the licence which he says was for one clip usage. [ 69 ] Both Mr. Strong and Mr. Chapnick agree that judicial proceeding could take old ages. [ 70 ] And Mr. Chapnick predicts in the Time state of affairs, judicial proceeding could be every bit much as $ 500,000. # 8217 ; ` [ 71 ] In any event, says Mr. Strong, each publishing house can weigh the fiscal hazards of a copyright misdemeanor or breach of contract suit against the additions of electronic publication. [ 72 ] Of class an single lensman is improbable to hold the fiscal resources to litigate a jurisprudence suit. HOW ONE Publisher SEEKS TO PROTECT COPYRIGHTED WORKS Michael Rogers pull offing editor of Newsweek Interactive an online publication with Prodigy has integrated the exposure with the text instead than in separate files as a manner to battle copyright violation. [ 73 ] # 8220 ; That manner, users can # 8217 ; t export the images for other utilizations without particular package, # 8217 ; ` says Mr.Rogers. # 8217 ; ` [ 74 ] ALTERATION OF NEWS PHOTOS New online engineering makes it easier to redact and change exposure. Visit Digital Imaging lensmans and editors can larn new ways to better and alter exposure. But utilizing engineering to make art is one thing, utilizing it to sophisticate intelligence exposure is another. Copyright protection for computing machine art, including exposure is an emerging issue. [ 75 ] But whereas copyright protection for art exposure focuses on the value of the piece as art, the value of a intelligence exposure is accuracy. [ 76 ] The moralss of sophisticating intelligence exposures [ 77 ] is discussed on the Michigan Press Photographer # 8217 ; s Association ( MPPA ) place page. This treatment is about the LIFE magazine May, 1995 exposure of the Kent State shots wherein the exposure was altered from the original shooting by lensman, John Filo on May 4, 1970. The change eliminated a pole in the centre of the exposure. David Friend, Life # 8217 ; s Director of Photography says it was a done unbeknownst to the editors. MPPA member Brian Masck responds, stating that credibleness in the beginning of a exposure is critical to photojournalism. Whether or non photographer John Filo has a cause of action against LIFE for publishing the altered exposure may be an issue of whether the footings of the print licence were exceeded. [ 78 ] This type of change is distinguished from the traditional cropping and focus that a exposure editor might make because it is a alteration in the substance of the exposure. In the hereafter, lensmans are advised to safeguard against copyright violation by including in the licence the sum of digital use allowed. [ 79 ] However, right of first publication may non be the best or even the lone issue reg arding genuineness of intelligence exposure. [ 80 ] Again, the concatenation of contracts between publishing house, lensman, stock bureau and exposure topic may show legal issues such as false visible radiation or embezzlement. [ 81 ] The intelligence lensman is once more advised, to maintain original exposures to protect against actions like this and to be particularly careful if snaping with filmless cameras where a lensman will non possess a negative. [ 82 ] Change of intelligence exposures is non a new issue. But new right of first publication issues pop up in the context of online intelligence exposure change. On the one manus, changes can be # 8220 ; elusive pixel-by-pixel alterations # 8217 ; ` that are hard to observe. [ 83 ] This capacity makes it easy to steal online exposures in toto or in portion. [ 84 ] The job here is a lensman # 8217 ; s load of cogent evidence as it relates to the # 8220 ; ordinary perceiver # 8217 ; ` attack in turn outing significant similarity in an infringement action. [ 85 ] Photojournalism reviewer Ken Kobre examines The Long Tradition of Doctoring Photos. Mr. Kobre notes that a recent edition of The National Enquirer displayed a doctored exposure of a beat-up Nicole Brown Simpson. [ 86 ] The Enquirer noted in little type that the exposure was a diversion. [ 87 ] Rather than shying off from the engineering and the possible maltreatment of changing online intelligence exposures, Mr. Kobre believes that increased photographic entree aids in the find of truth. # 8220 ; Totalitarian governments have been more expert at controlling- and altering what people see exactly because those governments control their media. # 8221 ; [ 88 ] In the terminal, # 8220 ; The credibleness demanded of news media should go on to determine its utilizations of the computing machine # 8217 ; s capabilities. # 8217 ; ` [ 89 ] Internet Users Everyone agrees that Net Users, like most Americans, have small cognition of copyright jurisprudence. [ 90 ] Digital plants have some unique features which challenge right of first publication jurisprudence. [ 91 ] Three of those features include easiness of reproduction, transmittal, and change. [ 92 ] The Net allows for speedy reproduction and transmittal of plants as compared to traditional reproduction methods. [ 93 ] Modification of Net paperss may besides supply some challenges to a tribunal # 8217 ; s reading of # 8220 ; fixed. # 8217 ; ` [ 94 ] Poster AND DOWNLOADING PHOTOS With respect to reproduction, transmittal and change, some Net users behave as if all Net information is up for grabs whether or non the stuff is copyrighted and has a copyright notice. [ 95 ] Celebrity fan nine posters like the Brad Pitt Web Site are illustrations of users posting copyrighted exposures to the Net. This place page acknowledges that these exposures are copyrighted so # 8220 ; please be nice. # 8217 ; ` This recognition confirms the Samuelson and Glushko observation that # 8220 ; those who post information non authored by them on Internet bulletin boards or in electronic newssheets delivered by Internet sometimes do so with a conspicuous notice that it is being posted without copyright permission, thereby asseverating the posting # 8217 ; s position of an appropriate range of just use. # 8217 ; ` [ 96 ] Furthermore, # 8220 ; net users by and large regard it as just to download points from the bulletin board for one # 8217 ; s personal usage, and even to direct a transcript to a friend who might otherwise non see the point, it is considered bad manners ( or worse ) to redistribute more widely person else # 8217 ; s posting without its writer # 8217 ; s permission. # 8217 ; ` [ 97 ] It goes without stating that patroling user behavior as it relates to right of first publication is hard at best. [ 98 ] ONE PUBLISHER # 8217 ; S VIEW OF DOWNLOADING WORKS Recently Time posted Sports Illustrated swimwear issue exposure for personal downloading at the Pathfinder Website that ended up on one of the Supermodel web sites. Time # 8217 ; s legal caput Harry Johnston said # 8220 ; The limitation is that you can download these images for personal usage merely, but non for farther distribution. That would represent an infringement. # 8217 ; ` [ 99 ] # 8220 ; The thought of patroling every individual person who might go against person # 8217 ; s right of first publication has non existed for the last 30 old ages, with the coming of Photocopying and videotaping. It # 8217 ; s merely a fact of life with the technological agency we have of doing transcripts. You merely can # 8217 ; t catch them all, says Mr. Johnston. # 8217 ; ` [ 100 ] User liability for transcript right violation in a non commercial context is a disputed issued. [ 101 ] A user posting person else # 8217 ; s exposure to a bulletin board or a home page raises inquiries of which just usage proviso might be appropriate? Education, research, remark or unfavorable judgment? [ 102 ] Ms. O # 8217 ; Rourke predicts that users are conflicting where a bulletin board endorser forwards a papers to a big figure of non-subscribers. [ 103 ] But what about place pages? In this context other Net users link to the page. Is the activity of posting Brad Pitt exposure to a place page well different than uploading Playboy exposures to a bulletin board? [ 104 ] In the Playboy instance the tribunal found that a bulletin board operator # 8220 ; violated Playboy # 8217 ; s sole rights to expose and administer its photos. # 8217 ; ` [ 105 ] While place page writers are non bear downing a subscription fee like the bulletin board operator, they are offering unauthorised, copyrighted exposures for public show. In the context of the home page writer, the issue is non that person is doing money off the exposure, but that an single lensman could lose the market for a great exposure when person scans it into a home page for all the universe to entree. AN AGENCY VIEW OF Poster Jim Roehrig, president of Outline exposure bureau, takes the place that # 8220 ; unauthorised poster is a misdemeanor of the right of first publication holders # 8217 ; sole rights to administer and publically expose their work. # 8217 ; ` [ 106 ] Outline represents manner and famous person lensmans. Roehrig admits to being at a loss as to how to manage supermodels posters. [ 107 ] Right now Roehrig says, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m trusting that this is comparatively little use and won # 8217 ; t go a regular thing. # 8217 ; ` [ 108 ] THE USER # 8217 ; S RIGHT TO VIEW But what about Net user # 8217 ; s right to see and entree information. Copyright jurisprudence clearly protects the right of first publication holder. One of the ends of the National Information Infrastructure is free or low cost information. [ 109 ] The suggestions of the Green Paper drafted by the federal authorities # 8217 ; s Information Infrastructure Task Force are controversial. [ 110 ] See besides a Response to NII. Ms. Litman says that the bill of exchange recommendations would enthrone in copyrightowners # 8220 ; control of any reproduction or transmittal of their plants, and thendefines reproduction and transmittal to include any visual aspect, even afleeting one, of a protected work in any computing machine, and any transportation of thatwork to, from, or through any other computing machine, the Draft Report # 8217 ; srecommendations would heighten the sole rights in the right of first publication package sofar as to give the right of first publication proprietor the sole right to command reading, sing or listening to any work in digitized form. # 8217 ; `*ahref= # 8221 ; KB4_fn.html # fn111 # 8243 ; [ 111 ] And where are the rights of users? Litman quotes the study, # 8220 ; Users are non granted any affirmatory # 8216 ; rights # 8217 ; under the Copyright Act ; instead, copyright proprietor # 8217 ; s rights are limited by certain freedoms from user liability. # 8217 ; ` [ 112 ] Ms. Litman argues against any alteration in right of first publication jurisprudence that would enthrone right of first publication proprietors the right to command reading, sing or listening. [ 113 ] She says that under current right of first publication jurisprudence show is distinguished from reproduction which requires arrested development in a signifier which is # 8220 ; sufficiently permanent or stable to allow it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. # 8217 ; ` [ 114 ] Ms. Litman believes reading a work into a computing machine # 8217 ; s memory # 8220 ; is excessively ephemeral to make a reproduction within the significance of subdivision 106 ( 1 ) # 8217 ; ` of the right of first publication act. [ 115 ] Ms. Litman inquiries the Report # 8217 ; s premise that enhanced right of first publication protection is in the public # 8217 ; s best involvement. [ 116 ] She says that because the right of first publication Torahs are essentialy written by right of first publication holders, those involvements are served by the jurisprudence, whereas the users neer get invited to the tabular array. [ 117 ] Litman suggests that Congress and the Copyright office are responsible for genuinely stand foring the public # 8217 ; s involvement and non simply comparing the public # 8217 ; s involvement with that of right of first publication holders. [ 118 ] She addresses the given that Godheads need to be bribed with promises of full control of their work by indicating to the world that electronic publications and writers are let go ofing their work on the Net right now, without any promise of protection. [ 119 ] As to the issue of scanning images into computing machines, writer David Loundy is emphasized in his position of right of first publication protection, # 8220 ; Images that are scanned are in misdemeanor of the original right of first publication holder # 8217 ; s rights, unless permission to administer the scanned image is obtained, # 8217 ; ` whether or non the image is farther distributed. [ 120 ] This position seems to be exactly Ms. Litman # 8217 ; s concern sing the protection of the user # 8217 ; s right to see. Of class scanning an image, extinguishing the right of first publication notice and administering the exposure is a affair of serious concern to right of first publication holders. [ 121 ] Decision Lone clip will state what Net users, Net photogs and Net publishing houses finally determine to be just usage. To province the issue compactly, # 8220 ; Fair usage is ever capable to interpretation. # 8217 ; ` [ 122 ] [ FNa J.D. Candidate 1996, Georgia State University School of Law. This paper was written as portion of Professor Patrick Wiseman s Summer, 1995 Law and the Internet category. Thank you to Chas Underwood for this debut into the picture taking universe and Jamey Rousey for proficient support and cocktails. Remarks, corrections and correspondence is welcome, delight reach the writer at Confederacy @ mindspring.com. 1 Gary Panetta, Changing Reality Gallery Walk, PEORIA JOURNAL STAR, April 24, 1994 2 Philip Greenspun, How I Got Rich A ; Famous ( or at least celebrated ) On the Internet, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 58. 3 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 4 Richard Weisgrau A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers. 5 Id. 6 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 7 Weisgrau A ; Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers, 8Sally Wiener Grotta and Daniel Grotta, What # 8217 ; s New In Filmless Cameras, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, 58, March 1995. 9 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 8 ( December, 1992 ) . 10Russ Versteeg, Jurimetric Copyright: Future Shock for the Visual Arts, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 125 ( 1994 ) . 11 Id. 12 Id. at 133 ( citing 991 F.2d at 518 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . This essay presents the debatable relationship between right of first publication as it relates to computing machine determinations and the alone facets of the ocular humanistic disciplines. 13 Id. at 132. 14 Id. 15 Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) 16 Id. 17 Id. 18 Id. 19 Id. 20 Id. ( mentioning Berne Convention, 17 U.S.C. sec 102 ( 1 ) ( 1988 A ; Supp. IV 1992 ) art. 9 ( 1 ) and MAI systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, 991 F.2d 511 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . 21 Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) ( mentioning Berne Convention art 7 ( 6 ) . 22 Cinque # 8217 ; s note explores several complex countries of international copyright jurisprudence see Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) . 23 Jennifer T. Olsson, Rights in Fine Art Photography: Through A Lens Darkly, 70 TEX. L. REV.,1489, 1500, ( May, 1992 ) . This article reviews all right art right of first publication and the Visual Artist Rights Act of 1990. 24 Id. at 1501. 25 Id. ( citing Linda J. Lacey, Of Bread and Roses and Copyrights, 1989 DUKE L.J. 1532, 1536-37. 26 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) . See besides Benjamin R. Seecof, Scaning Into the Future of Copyrightable Images: Computer-Based Image Processing Poses a Present Threat, 5 HIGH TECH. L.J. 371 ( 1990 ) . 27 Id. 28 David Walker, Consulting Firm Forms Copyright Clearinghouse, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, April, 1995 at 30. 29 Pamela Samuelson and Robert J. Glushko, Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext, 6 HAV.J.L. A ; TECH. 237 ( 1993 ) 30 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 31 Id. 32 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 33 Id. 34 Id. 35 Id. 36 Kevin J. Harrang, Licensing Issues Creating and Publishing Multimedia Software Products, 394 PLI/PAT 361 ( 1994 ) 37 Id. 38 Id. 39 David Walker, Continuum Opens All-Digital Stock Agency, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March 1995 at 26. 40 Id. 41 Id. 42 Id. 43 Id. 44 Id. 45 Id. 46 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 47 Id. 48 Id. 49 Richard Weisgray A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers, 1991 50 Kevin J. Harrang, Licensing Issues Creating and Publishing Multimedia Software Products, 394 PLI/PAT 361 ( 1994 ) 51 Id. 52 Id. 53 Id. 54 David Walker and Nancy Madlin, Time Contributors Split on E-Rights, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, April, 1995 at 20. 55 Id. 56 Id. 57 Id. 58 Id. 59 Id. at 21. 60 Id. 61 Id. at 23. 62 Id. 63 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 64 Id. 65 Id. 66 David Walker, Photogs Dispute Life Re-Use Rights for CD, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March, 1995 at 30-31. 67 Id. 68 Id. 69 Id. 70 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 71 Id. 72 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 73 Newsweek Goes On Line, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March, 1995 at 16. 74 Id. 75 See, Jonathan C. Jackson, Legal Aspects of Computer Art, 19 RUTGERS COMPUTER A ; TECH. L.J. 495 ( 1993 ) . 76 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 77 For a treatment of computing machine altered exposures and the civil wrong of false light invasion of privateness, See Jon Lawrence Dartley, Lost Horizons? : Tortious and Philosophic Deductions of Computer Imaging, 19 RUTGERS COMPUTER A ; TECH. L.J. 199 ( 1993 ) . 78 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 Fed. Comm. L.J.1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 79 Id. at 30. 80 Id. 81 Id. at 31. 82 Id. at fn 6. 83 Benjamin R. Seecof, Scaning Into the Future of Copyrightable Images: Computer-Based Processing Poses Present Threat, 5 HIGH TECH. L.J. 371, ( Fall, 1990 ) . 84 Id. 85 Id. 86 Ken Kobre, The Long Tradition of Doctoring Photos, 87 Id. 88 Id. 89 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 90 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) . See besides William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 91 Pamela Samuelson and Robert J. Glushko, Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext, 6 HAV.J.L. A ; TECH. 237 ( 1993 ) . 92 Id. at 240. 93 Id. 94 Id. 95 Id. at 244. 96 Id. 97 Id. at 244 # 8211 ; 45. 98 Id. at 245. 99 Hal Stucker, The Download Dilemma: pirating Images from Cyberspace, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 54-55. 100 Id. 101 Maureen A. O # 8217 ; Rourke, Proprietary Rights in Digital Data, 41 FED. B. NEWS A ; J. 511 ( 1994 ) 102 Id. 103 Id. 104 Id. ( mentioning Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena, 839 F. Supp. 1552 ( M.D. Fla. 1993 ) 105 Id. 106 Hal Stucker, The Download Dilemma: pirating Images from Cyberspace, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 54-55. 107 Id. 108 Id. 109 Id. Maureen A. O # 8217 ; Rourke, Proprietary Rights in Digital Data, 41 FED. B. NEWS A ; J. 511 ( 1994 ) 110 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) 111 Id. 112 Id. 113 Id. 114 Id. ( citing H.R. Rep. No. 1476 ) . 115 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) 116 Id. 117 Id. 118 Id. 119 Id. For a treatment of pirated package see Andrew Grosso, The National Information Infrastructure, 41 FED.B.NEWS A ; J. 481 ( 1994 ) ( treatment the civil and condemnable punishments for copyright violation and the LaMacchia instance. 120 David J. Loundy, 3 ALB. L.J. SCI. A ; TECH. 79, 132 ( 1992-1993 ) . 121 Id. at 133. 122 Richard Weisgrau A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers,