Patrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence The Life and...

Patrick J. Maneys The Roosevelt Presence: The Life and Legacy of FDR is a critical analysis of the policies, programs and decisions invoked by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Maneys analysis and opinions of important historical events brought forth by Roosevelt such as The New Deal, Court Packing and World War II are off-beat to say the least. Maney attempts to bring to the table an objective analysis of FDRs life and policies, with hopes of indulging the reader in what he believes is the truth. Although Patrick J. Maney attempted to come off as an objectionable historian, it is evident that he vastly injected his own opinions and beliefs into his analysis. Patrick J. Maneys views do not necessarily belittle FDR completely, but†¦show more content†¦By that year too, he seemed destined to leave the White House not in triumph but in defeat (Maney 88) One of the key policies that were analyzed in the book was the New Deal. The New Deal is perhaps one of the most popular policies put into place, and is commonly the first thing to enter a persons mind when FDR is mentioned. The New Deal was thought up and established in order to battle some of the hardships the masses felt during the Great Depression. The New Deal attempted to help provide relief for the unemployed, recover of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems. The New Deal presented itself with as many as fifteen new programs and legislation, the majority of which were intended to the poor and the masses. Maney believes that the New Deal was to fix the mistakes the government made by causing the great depression Under the auspices of the New Deal, the national government, while failing to bring full economic recovery, provided needed assistance to the unemployed and other disadvantaged groups and repaired some of the economic structural damage that helped cause the great depression. (Maney 47). Some of the key legislative acts that were implemented under the new deal were the Agricult ural Adjustment Act (AAA) which offered the farmers the promise of higher prices (Maney 49), the establishment of the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) which was

Marketing principles for organizations Free Essays

1. Marketing Philosophy The adoption of marketing is nearly as old as humanity itself.   Whenever there is a consumer demanding a product or service and a supplier willing to supply such good, marketing is adopted. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing principles for organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The marketing philosophy essentially entails the strategic organizational aim of determining needs and wants of selected markets and providing goods and services that satisfy such wants in a more efficient and effective way than competitors.   In the last decade several organizations started following such principle in order to endure in the market. For instance, McDonald’s Corporation applies a strong marketing orientation.   They are constantly keen on what the customer wants and change their products and services accordingly.   For example, McDonald’s adopted the philosophy of ‘QSC V’ to attract and retain clients.   It stands for quality, service, cleanliness and value.   They guarantee that clients enter a spotless clean restaurant and are served by friendly personnel.   Indeed employees are carefully thought the art of servicing clients in all regions across the world. Recently the aforementioned marketing concept has evolved to consider also the need of society.   The societal marketing philosophy, as it is commonly known, comprises that apart from determining the needs and wants of clientele in target markets and delivering goods and services that better than competitors, these goods and services are also provided in a way that sustain the society’s well-being. This is a challenging principle as one can note.   However, some meticulous organizations are already following it.   For example, when the tampered cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol were marketed by Johnson Johnson and ended up killing a number of persons, the company immediately collected back all the defective goods, even though the corporation supposed that the pills had been altered only in a few retail shops.   Although the collection expenses amounted to $240 million, the company managed to keep customers’ confidence and loyalty on the products offered, leading such good to remain a leading pain reliever in its market. 1.1   Need for market research As one can note, to successfully adopt an effective marketing orientation, it is important that managers are fully aware of the customers needs and wants.   To further compound the issue, today’s markets are extremely dynamic and susceptible to change.   For example, car manufacturers are extremely keen on customer tastes in order to produce vehicles in line with such wants.   Therefore management is required to be constantly on the alert of what the client is demanding.   The effectiveness of marketing intelligence systems to obtain such information is weak. The need thus arose of obtaining information directly from the market through marketing research. The marketing research process consists of the following four steps:  · Defining the problem and research objectives – market management and researchers define thoroughly the problem at hand and the research objectives that can aid in solving such issue.  · Developing the research plan – the information needed is determined at this stage.   Researchers will then seek the secondary data already available and how the primary data can be obtained.  Ã‚   Primary market data can be achieved through a variety of marketing research mediums available, such as experimental research, observational research and more.  · Implementing the research plan – once the methods of collecting information are set, the collection of such information commences in this stage together with the processing and analyzing of such information gathered.  · Interpreting and Reporting the findings – the last but not least step is the interpretation of the date collected and presented jointly with valid conclusions. Marketing research is a very expensive business operation, which sometimes may amount to millions of dollars.   However, the information derived is very valuable to the organization and can aid management in good decisions to be a market leader.   A typical example that comes to mind is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) venture in the Japanese market. Such market seems impenetrable by many American and European organizations.   The non-tariff barriers, the iron grip of the keiretsu kigyi (banking groups), and the committed Japanese workforce make it very complex for an outside firm to infiltrate their market.   KFC, yet, was capable to enter this market and is actually performing better than the United States Market.   As a matter of fact, in the 90s the 1,470 Asian outlets sales averaged 60% more than the United States average. Through vigilant marketing research the KFC management, comprehended that in large Asian cities there is an increasing absorption of young middle-class workforce with growing income who are eager to pay further for American-style restaurants.   This exposed the viability of the project to KFC managers.   Market research also brought to KFC attention that the number of Asian women in the labour force is increasing considerably, who has a smaller amount of time for food preparation at home and consequently the need for fast-food restaurants in Asia is increasing.   With this information KFC management instantaneously recognised the strategic window of opportunity that is available and took appropriate action to operate fruitfully in that market. 1.2   Marketing Mix Elements The marketing mix concept originated from Neil. H. Borden who suggests the utilization of the four main controllable variables of management to reach the marketing orientation approach.   The marketing mix elements are the following:  · Product – there are three levels of products, which the organization should classify their products in, because customer attitude and response would be different under each category.   These are augmented, actual and core products.   In marketing, the product quality and features are not the only elements that form a good product.   Today’s fierce competition demands that managers also focus on the product design apart from the ones previously mentioned.   Nike, for example, employs 60 designers and issue 500 different footwear designs each year.   Attention should also be directed towards branding, product packaging and labeling.  Ã‚   These are important features to attain market leadership. Every product or service marketed passes through a life, commonly known as product life cycle.   These are product development stage, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.   The other marketing mix elements described below should be in line with the stage the product is in to ensure a proper market orientation.  ·   Price – the price decision is also an important one.   Management can choose from three main categories, being cost based pricing methods, market pricing methods and competition based pricing methods.   The selection of the optimal price depends on internal and external variables.   Internal factors affecting pricing decisions are:   marketing objectives, marketing-mix strategies, costs and organizational considerations.   The external factors are:   market features and demand, competitors’ costs, prices and offers and other external factors like economic conditions.  · Distribution – the distribution channels utilized should be effective in order to ensure that the product is delivered more effectively than competitors.   There are different number of distribution channels used, like direct-marketing channel in which no intermediary levels are adopted, vertical marketing system and horizontal marketing system.   Under the latter two intermediaries are used.  · Promotion – the promotion mix is a very expensive but effective marketing mix element.   It can for instance sustain a product brand.   Promotion is also important to inform clients about the product or services offered especially at the introductory stage of a product/service.   The mass-promotion tools available are advertising, sales promotion and public relations.   These should be designed and implemented carefully to maximize their effectiveness.   Likewise it is important that personal selling maintain the messages adopted in the promotion mix through the sales force behavior with clients. 1.3   Final Thought – Benefits of Marketing Even though marketing seems elaborate it is very fruitful for a firm.   By understanding the customer we can reach the clients and sell our goods.   Client retention and market leadership can also be attained with the aid of marketing.   Failure to apply marketing to understand the client can be detrimental.   .   For instance, Disney made the fatal mistake of not separating European customers with American ones in the Euro Disney project. They originally designed a park similar to the American one, incorrectly neglecting the cultural differences that exist.   For example, they adopted a policy of serving no alcohol in the park.   This was extremely unpleasant to such culture because in France wine is habitual for lunch and dinner.   Thus the organization suffered $921 million losses in the first financial year, and had to rapidly change some aspects of the park in order to survive in the European market. References: Hartley R. (2000).   Management Mistakes Successes.   Sixth Edition.   New York:   John Wiley Sons Inc. Hume S (1990).   Advertising Age.   McDonald’s Fred Turner:   making all the right moves. Kotler P.; Armstrong G.; Saunders J.; Wong V. (1999).   Principles of Marketing.   Second Edition.   London:   Prentice Hall. How to cite Marketing principles for organizations, Essay examples

The 411 On Copyright For Net Photos free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Introduction Wow # 8211 ; who owns all these pretty images? Net Photog # 8217 ; s See me, experience me, touch me, pay me. Net Agencies Service with a chink of a mouse. Net Publishers All is just in love, war and publication. Net Users Free drive! Introduction If Francesca were alive today she could track her lover # 8217 ; s exposures from his home page alternatively of schlepping to the Piggly Wiggly to buy the latest National Geographic. Even if you are stuck in Peoria, [ 1 ] the household can garner around the cardinal board, open up your Happy Meals and view some of the Best Photography in the universe. You want images? Boy do we hold images, chink onto the Photo Net Index for a stock list of lensmans portfolios, galleries, and museums. Who owns the right of first publications to all these cool Internet exposure? This paper presents a sampling of sentiments and anticipations about the application of right of first publication jurisprudence to Net exposure in relation to modern-day lensmans ; stock exposure bureaus ; publishing houses ; and Net users. THE NET PHOTOG ENTREPRENEUR Internet Advantage Contemporary Photographers are making home pages to expose portfolios on the Net to publicize for occupations, learn new accomplishments, web with co-workers, and supply pleasance to the sing public. Stacy Rosenstock # 8217 ; s portfolio is an illustration of the first-class exposure art available for sing on the Net. Photographer/author/adventurer Philip Greenspun uses exposures to attach to text in Travels With Samantha Mr. Greenspun says that viewer response is one of the wagess for printing on the Net. [ 2 ] The Net is a alone medium for lensmans, offering one-on-one feedback from viewing audiences, fellow lensmans and critics on a graduated table non available from the typical art gallery or magazine locale. The graduated table is larger in footings of the figure of possible viewing audiences and the boarderless international screening audience who may take to shop. A computing machine understanding lensman may make a home page portfolio or seek show with one of the online galleries such as that Digital Wave Gallery, or that On Line Gallery. A lensman taking the Net as a show locale can besides utilize the net to larn about right of first publications. The American Society for media Photographers offers easy to read copyright information in the that Copyright Guide for Photographers. INFRINGEMENT ENFORCEMENT When a lensman discovers a exposure has been published without mandate, the lensman possibly able to procure an injunction, retrieve existent amendss and lost net incomes. [ 3 ] Mr. Weisgrau and Mr. Remer point out the legal advantage to composing a copyright notice on the exposure consisting of ( degree Celsius ) 1995 Artist # 8217 ; s Name. [ 4 ] That advantage is possible riddance of the guiltless infringer defence. [ 5 ] Innocent infringers may merely be apt for a just licensing fee. [ 6 ] An order to action an infringer the right of first publication holder must register the exposure. [ 7 ] In order to register the exposure, the lensman must possess the exposure. Traditionally this is non a job because the lensman would hold a negative, or a print or a slide or some touchable object as a exposure. If the lensman has scanned the exposure onto a place page or provided the exposure to a gallery so there would be no job if the lensman retains the original. See Philip Greenspun # 8217 ; s FAQ on exposure scanning. Similarly a Cadmium disc exposure would besides be touchable to register. However when a lensman uses a filmless camera this undertakings images straight onto a computing machine for real-time accommodation. [ 8 ] If a lensman were to upload this sort of exposure, some touchable print would still be required for enrollment. [ 9 ] The job of # 8220 ; arrested development # 8217 ; ` as it relates to photo # 8217 ; s on the Net will normally originate in the context of whether or non a exposure was # 8220 ; copied # 8217 ; ` by an infringer. [ 10 ] Certain passing graphicss like the type produced by Christo, have been the topic of contention in footings of the arrested development demand for right of first publication protection. [ 11 ] In the context of right of first publication protection for computing machine plans the Ninth Circuit held in MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer Inc. , that # 8220 ; copying for intents of right of first publication jurisprudence occurs when a computing machine plan is transferred from a lasting storage device to a computing machine # 8217 ; s RAM [ random entree memory ] . # 8217 ; ` [ 12 ] The tribunal described arrested development as # 8220 ; sufficiently permanent or stable to allow [ them ] to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. # 8217 ; ` [ 13 ] This determination as it relates to photos on the cyberspace may be a practical job of cogent evidence. Net exposure, like Christo # 8217 ; s sculptures, may be here today, gone tomorrow. Consequently the job will be a whether a # 8220 ; copyright claimant will be able to supply a tribunal documental grounds of the copyrightable capable matter. # 8217 ; ` [ 14 ] INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION International right of first publication protection is of particular importance to Net photogs. The Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention reference right of first publication in the international market. [ 15 ] Mr. Cinque outlines the three policies back uping copyright protection: incentive/dissemination ; morality/fairness ; natural jurisprudence. [ 16 ] Incentive/dissemination is the trade-off that society benefits from the work of originative creative persons while the creative person may harvest economic benefits. [ 17 ] Morality/fairness is the commercial facet of honoring the worker and penalizing unauthorised appropriations. [ 18 ] Natural jurisprudence embodies the construct that the writer owns her work and may make with it as she sees fit. [ 19 ] Sing these policies, Mr. Cinque argues that under the Berne Convention a right of first publication may be infringed when a work is copied or stored into a computing machine system because it is considered a reproduction. [ 20 ] The Berne Convention provides a lower limit of 25 old ages protection for photographic plants and member provinces may supply extra protection. [ 21 ] Mr. Cinque presents the instance for and against increasing planetary enforcement of copyright protections in the digital universe and concludes that international enforcement is necessary to go on to promote creative persons to portion work on-line. [ 22 ] ECONOMIC INCENTIVES Mr. Cinque # 8217 ; s position supports the widely held premise that artists require wide right of first publications with strong enforcement in order to actuate the production of new, copyrightable plants. The right of first publication act is aimed at protecting an artists # 8217 ; economic rights. [ 23 ] Economic theory is based on the construct that persons are # 8220 ; rational, profit-maximising creatures. # 8217 ; ` [ 24 ] But economic theory when applied to creative persons doesn # 8217 ; t explicate their full scope of motive. # 8220 ; [ I ] Ts would be hard to explicate why intelligent, presumptively rational people of all time become creative persons, a word more frequently associated with the adjectival # 8217 ; hungering # 8217 ; than with # 8216 ; wealthy. # 8217 ; ` [ 25 ] Net photogs appear generous with fellow internetters when it comes to non-commercial usage of exposure. On the other manus, no 1 likes person else doing money of their work. Photographer Philip Greenspun describes his defeat with unauthorised usage of his images in, The Somewhat Nasty Copyright Notice. As an creative person he non merely wants to acquire paid, but desires a certain quality degree for his exposure. On the other manus, Mr. Greenspun embraces the chumminess of # 8220 ; fellow internetters # 8217 ; ` by authorising redistribution of his text for non commercial intents and bespeaking a beginning ascription and hyperlink for exposures. Sharing Resource The chumminess among lensmans is farther evidenced by the wellhead of resources for lensmans on the Net. The Michigan Press Photographers Association brings lensmans together to portion information, as does the Atlanta Photo Journalism Seminar and legion other resources. One suggestion to help lensmans in protecting right of first publications and roll uping royalties is a centralised exposure bank. Mr. Franklin presents the instance for making a centralised service to licence exposures, collect and distribute royalties, and prosecute in license enforcement. [ 26 ] The centralised service would include a copyright notice and computing machine codification with the exposure in order to track usage. [ 27 ] A similar system was late established and is called United Image Royalties. [ 28 ] Employers A particular note to lensmans set uping home pages from work. Two writers warn of making plants utilizing an employer # 8217 ; s Internet connexion because work-related merchandises may be determined to be the belongings of the employer. [ 29 ] For illustration, Allen Rose, Ordinary Photographer is employed by the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Mr. Rose # 8217 ; s hebdomadal exposure series is copyrighted to the newspaper. In a related affair, notice that Mr. Rose chose the location # 8220 ; originate # 8217 ; ` instead than something like # 8220 ; telestar # 8217 ; ` for his home page locater. Employees should be careful in taking web locaters so as to avoid hallmark jobs similar to MTV v. Curry, see Hallmarks Along the Infobahn. SK PHOTO AGENCIES Many lensmans use stock exposure bureaus to sell exposures. News magazines purchase a enormous sum of published exposures from stock bureaus. [ 30 ] For illustration in 1980 Time purchased 56.88 % of their published exposures from stock bureaus and free-lance lensmans. [ 31 ] A traditional stock exposure bureau publishes catalogues with thumbprint exposures which clients view and so buy camera ready prints. [ 32 ] Stock bureaus publicize exposures and besides negotiate licences in exchange for royalties. [ 33 ] See the SKPHOTO web site to larn about stock bureaus. One advantage of an online bureau may be the capacity to for clients to download exposures instantly. Another advantage to online bureaus may be enhanced research resources for turn uping the right sort of exposure among the 1000s in stock. Contract When a publishing house desires to buy a exposure from a stock bureau there may be several contractual agreements to weave through. These contract issues are determined by province jurisprudence where as right of first publication jurisprudence per Se is the topic of federal legislative acts. [ 34 ] Contracts may be between the topic and the lensman, the lensman and the stock bureau and possibly a digital rights agent. [ 35 ] Mr. Harrang states that a typical stock exposure bureau contract is a licence for # 8220 ; one edition only. # 8217 ; ` [ 36 ] The inquiry of what is # 8220 ; one edition # 8217 ; ` has been debated in the context of CD-ROM publications. In this context some argue that an ascent of the merchandise would be a 2nd edition necessitating a re-license fee. [ 37 ] Harring does non hold with this position and suggests that CD-ROM and online publishing houses can avoid the job with proper electronic licensing contracts. [ 38 ] An online stock bureau such as Corbis Media should be more familiar with structuring proper electronic rights contracts. [ 39 ] In footings of protecting right of first publications while exposing exposures online, Corbis puts a copyright notice in the upper left-hand corner of the exposure. [ 40 ] This right of first publication protects the digital file non the existent exposure which is copyrighted to the lensman. [ 41 ] PROTECTING COPYRIGHT WITH TECHNOLOGY Additionally, when a client desires to see a larger image of a exposure, the client chinks on the thumbprint exposure to entree the 6 ten 7 inch exposure. [ 42 ] To protect this right of first publication, Corbis adds a semitransparent water line on the image. [ 43 ] This method is non full-proof. CEO Doug Rowan admits that the water line could be eliminated by a proficient individual and they are working toward proficient betterment of the system. [ 44 ] Unlike other stock bureaus, Corbis online images are for prevue merely and are non for client downloading. [ 45 ] Net Publishers AND PHOTOJOURNALISTS In Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, See lawyer William Strong reassures traditional publishing houses that copyright jurisprudence will non be eviscerated by the Net. Copyright is grounded in the Constitution and assures a fiscal inducement to writers and originative individuals. [ 46 ] Mr. Strong takes the place that in a traditional writer contract allowing # 8220 ; all right, rubric and involvement in and to the work, including right of first publication # 8217 ; ` grants a publishing house wide rights to print electronically. [ 47 ] NEW CONTRACTS FOR E-RIGHTS When a publishing house drafts new contracts, Mr. Strong recommends that to guarantee that a publishing house is acquiring the whole ball of wax that the contract should read # 8220 ; the sole licence to reproduce the work and administer it by all agencies and media now known or afterlife discovered, including, without restriction, print, microfilm, and electronic media every bit good as the right to expose and convey the work publically on-line. # 8217 ; ` [ 48 ] This sort of # 8220 ; all rights # 8217 ; ` dealing is non popular among lensmans and the American Society of Media Photographers ( AMSP ) . cautiousnesss lensmans to see restricting a licence by clip, geographic country or media type. [ 49 ] It is interesting to observe, that seemingly Mr. Strong did non subscribe such a contract with the publishing house of his article, the Journal of Electronic Publishing ( JEP ) ) . The copyright notice indicates that the writer, non JEP, controls the right of first publication, accordingly commercial publication is prohibited in print or electronic signifier without permission of the writer. The tenseness between a publishing house # 8217 ; s desire to licence all rights to a exposure, and a lensman # 8217 ; s concern about # 8220 ; giving off excessively much # 8217 ; ` may gum up dialogues on the electronic publication frontier. [ 50 ] Mr. Harrang suggests # 8220 ; dividing legitimate concerns about altering engineerings from simple angst about unfamiliar technologies. # 8217 ; ` [ 51 ] For illustration, an writer may hold to licence rights to a CD-ROM publication but hesitate to a licence for online webs because of # 8220 ; metered usage # 8217 ; ` inquiries. [ 52 ] A declaration to this job may be # 8220 ; by understanding to negociate a just royalty sum in the hereafter based on the bing rates. # 8217 ; ` [ 53 ] For illustration, Time Inc. is offering an addition in photographer # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours rate from $ 400 to $ 500 per twenty-four hours to counterbalance for electronic rights for assignment exposures. [ 54 ] Time besides offers a royalty option offering a basal fee of $ 75 per image plus a royalty rate that varies depending on a figure of factors including English vs. foreign linguistic communication distribution. [ 55 ] Footings are to be reviewed in one twelvemonth. [ 56 ] About half the lensmans have signed the new understandings and the staying free-lances will go on to negociate licences for each exposure. [ 57 ] Time uses the exposures in their online magazines and other merchandises. [ 58 ] There is no understanding among the Board members of the American Society of Media Photographers sing the Time electronics rights policy. [ 59 ] The value of the rights is difficult to measure but ASMP board member Roger Ressmeyer believes that, # 8220 ; at issue is the really endurance of free-lance picture taking into the following century. # 8217 ; ` [ 60 ] Veteran lensman Douglas Kirkland sums up the state of affairs good, # 8220 ; If there wasn # 8217 ; t a significant value in these rights, [ Time ] wouldn # 8217 ; t be inquiring for them. # 8217 ; ` [ 61 ] On the other terminal of the spectrum, publishing house Conde Nast has refused to pay any extra fees for electronic rights. [ 62 ] INTERPRETATION OF PRE INTERNET CONTRACTS With respect to pre-Internet contracts, Mr. Strong predicts that where a contract is soundless on the issue of electronic publication, the publishing house has the right to bring forth the full diary in any signifier including electronic. [ 63 ] Mr. Strong points to the Copyright Act, # 8220 ; in the absence of a written understanding the right of first publication proprietor of a part to a periodical will be deemed to hold given the periodical publishing house merely the right to reproduce the article as portion of the issue of the periodical in which it appears and any alteration of that periodical. # 8217 ; ` [ 64 ] Mr. Strong says, # 8220 ; While technically this is non relevant to an reading of an existent written contract, I believe it is just to state that the givens which the legislative act creates here would likely be applied by any tribunal forced to cope with a contract that was silent on the inquiry of electronic rights. # 8217 ; ` [ 65 ] The reading of old contracts and electronic rights is the topic of contention between lensmans and, TIME Inc. Recently, Time republished some Life screen exposure for a Cadmium digest. Time associate advocate Laury Frieber maintains that the company need non pay the lensmans a reuse fee. [ 66 ] Alternatively the company sent a missive stating, # 8220 ; While as a legal affair we are non obliged to do any extra payments to reproduce our screens, in the spirit of this undertaking we decided to do a payment to all non-staffers whose images graced Life # 8217 ; s cover. # 8217 ; ` [ 67 ] The missive was accompanied by a $ 30.00 cheque. [ 68 ] Ben Chapnick of the Black Star image bureau disagrees with Time # 8217 ; s reading of the licence which he says was for one clip usage. [ 69 ] Both Mr. Strong and Mr. Chapnick agree that judicial proceeding could take old ages. [ 70 ] And Mr. Chapnick predicts in the Time state of affairs, judicial proceeding could be every bit much as $ 500,000. # 8217 ; ` [ 71 ] In any event, says Mr. Strong, each publishing house can weigh the fiscal hazards of a copyright misdemeanor or breach of contract suit against the additions of electronic publication. [ 72 ] Of class an single lensman is improbable to hold the fiscal resources to litigate a jurisprudence suit. HOW ONE Publisher SEEKS TO PROTECT COPYRIGHTED WORKS Michael Rogers pull offing editor of Newsweek Interactive an online publication with Prodigy has integrated the exposure with the text instead than in separate files as a manner to battle copyright violation. [ 73 ] # 8220 ; That manner, users can # 8217 ; t export the images for other utilizations without particular package, # 8217 ; ` says Mr.Rogers. # 8217 ; ` [ 74 ] ALTERATION OF NEWS PHOTOS New online engineering makes it easier to redact and change exposure. Visit Digital Imaging lensmans and editors can larn new ways to better and alter exposure. But utilizing engineering to make art is one thing, utilizing it to sophisticate intelligence exposure is another. Copyright protection for computing machine art, including exposure is an emerging issue. [ 75 ] But whereas copyright protection for art exposure focuses on the value of the piece as art, the value of a intelligence exposure is accuracy. [ 76 ] The moralss of sophisticating intelligence exposures [ 77 ] is discussed on the Michigan Press Photographer # 8217 ; s Association ( MPPA ) place page. This treatment is about the LIFE magazine May, 1995 exposure of the Kent State shots wherein the exposure was altered from the original shooting by lensman, John Filo on May 4, 1970. The change eliminated a pole in the centre of the exposure. David Friend, Life # 8217 ; s Director of Photography says it was a done unbeknownst to the editors. MPPA member Brian Masck responds, stating that credibleness in the beginning of a exposure is critical to photojournalism. Whether or non photographer John Filo has a cause of action against LIFE for publishing the altered exposure may be an issue of whether the footings of the print licence were exceeded. [ 78 ] This type of change is distinguished from the traditional cropping and focus that a exposure editor might make because it is a alteration in the substance of the exposure. In the hereafter, lensmans are advised to safeguard against copyright violation by including in the licence the sum of digital use allowed. [ 79 ] However, right of first publication may non be the best or even the lone issue reg arding genuineness of intelligence exposure. [ 80 ] Again, the concatenation of contracts between publishing house, lensman, stock bureau and exposure topic may show legal issues such as false visible radiation or embezzlement. [ 81 ] The intelligence lensman is once more advised, to maintain original exposures to protect against actions like this and to be particularly careful if snaping with filmless cameras where a lensman will non possess a negative. [ 82 ] Change of intelligence exposures is non a new issue. But new right of first publication issues pop up in the context of online intelligence exposure change. On the one manus, changes can be # 8220 ; elusive pixel-by-pixel alterations # 8217 ; ` that are hard to observe. [ 83 ] This capacity makes it easy to steal online exposures in toto or in portion. [ 84 ] The job here is a lensman # 8217 ; s load of cogent evidence as it relates to the # 8220 ; ordinary perceiver # 8217 ; ` attack in turn outing significant similarity in an infringement action. [ 85 ] Photojournalism reviewer Ken Kobre examines The Long Tradition of Doctoring Photos. Mr. Kobre notes that a recent edition of The National Enquirer displayed a doctored exposure of a beat-up Nicole Brown Simpson. [ 86 ] The Enquirer noted in little type that the exposure was a diversion. [ 87 ] Rather than shying off from the engineering and the possible maltreatment of changing online intelligence exposures, Mr. Kobre believes that increased photographic entree aids in the find of truth. # 8220 ; Totalitarian governments have been more expert at controlling- and altering what people see exactly because those governments control their media. # 8221 ; [ 88 ] In the terminal, # 8220 ; The credibleness demanded of news media should go on to determine its utilizations of the computing machine # 8217 ; s capabilities. # 8217 ; ` [ 89 ] Internet Users Everyone agrees that Net Users, like most Americans, have small cognition of copyright jurisprudence. [ 90 ] Digital plants have some unique features which challenge right of first publication jurisprudence. [ 91 ] Three of those features include easiness of reproduction, transmittal, and change. [ 92 ] The Net allows for speedy reproduction and transmittal of plants as compared to traditional reproduction methods. [ 93 ] Modification of Net paperss may besides supply some challenges to a tribunal # 8217 ; s reading of # 8220 ; fixed. # 8217 ; ` [ 94 ] Poster AND DOWNLOADING PHOTOS With respect to reproduction, transmittal and change, some Net users behave as if all Net information is up for grabs whether or non the stuff is copyrighted and has a copyright notice. [ 95 ] Celebrity fan nine posters like the Brad Pitt Web Site are illustrations of users posting copyrighted exposures to the Net. This place page acknowledges that these exposures are copyrighted so # 8220 ; please be nice. # 8217 ; ` This recognition confirms the Samuelson and Glushko observation that # 8220 ; those who post information non authored by them on Internet bulletin boards or in electronic newssheets delivered by Internet sometimes do so with a conspicuous notice that it is being posted without copyright permission, thereby asseverating the posting # 8217 ; s position of an appropriate range of just use. # 8217 ; ` [ 96 ] Furthermore, # 8220 ; net users by and large regard it as just to download points from the bulletin board for one # 8217 ; s personal usage, and even to direct a transcript to a friend who might otherwise non see the point, it is considered bad manners ( or worse ) to redistribute more widely person else # 8217 ; s posting without its writer # 8217 ; s permission. # 8217 ; ` [ 97 ] It goes without stating that patroling user behavior as it relates to right of first publication is hard at best. [ 98 ] ONE PUBLISHER # 8217 ; S VIEW OF DOWNLOADING WORKS Recently Time posted Sports Illustrated swimwear issue exposure for personal downloading at the Pathfinder Website that ended up on one of the Supermodel web sites. Time # 8217 ; s legal caput Harry Johnston said # 8220 ; The limitation is that you can download these images for personal usage merely, but non for farther distribution. That would represent an infringement. # 8217 ; ` [ 99 ] # 8220 ; The thought of patroling every individual person who might go against person # 8217 ; s right of first publication has non existed for the last 30 old ages, with the coming of Photocopying and videotaping. It # 8217 ; s merely a fact of life with the technological agency we have of doing transcripts. You merely can # 8217 ; t catch them all, says Mr. Johnston. # 8217 ; ` [ 100 ] User liability for transcript right violation in a non commercial context is a disputed issued. [ 101 ] A user posting person else # 8217 ; s exposure to a bulletin board or a home page raises inquiries of which just usage proviso might be appropriate? Education, research, remark or unfavorable judgment? [ 102 ] Ms. O # 8217 ; Rourke predicts that users are conflicting where a bulletin board endorser forwards a papers to a big figure of non-subscribers. [ 103 ] But what about place pages? In this context other Net users link to the page. Is the activity of posting Brad Pitt exposure to a place page well different than uploading Playboy exposures to a bulletin board? [ 104 ] In the Playboy instance the tribunal found that a bulletin board operator # 8220 ; violated Playboy # 8217 ; s sole rights to expose and administer its photos. # 8217 ; ` [ 105 ] While place page writers are non bear downing a subscription fee like the bulletin board operator, they are offering unauthorised, copyrighted exposures for public show. In the context of the home page writer, the issue is non that person is doing money off the exposure, but that an single lensman could lose the market for a great exposure when person scans it into a home page for all the universe to entree. AN AGENCY VIEW OF Poster Jim Roehrig, president of Outline exposure bureau, takes the place that # 8220 ; unauthorised poster is a misdemeanor of the right of first publication holders # 8217 ; sole rights to administer and publically expose their work. # 8217 ; ` [ 106 ] Outline represents manner and famous person lensmans. Roehrig admits to being at a loss as to how to manage supermodels posters. [ 107 ] Right now Roehrig says, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m trusting that this is comparatively little use and won # 8217 ; t go a regular thing. # 8217 ; ` [ 108 ] THE USER # 8217 ; S RIGHT TO VIEW But what about Net user # 8217 ; s right to see and entree information. Copyright jurisprudence clearly protects the right of first publication holder. One of the ends of the National Information Infrastructure is free or low cost information. [ 109 ] The suggestions of the Green Paper drafted by the federal authorities # 8217 ; s Information Infrastructure Task Force are controversial. [ 110 ] See besides a Response to NII. Ms. Litman says that the bill of exchange recommendations would enthrone in copyrightowners # 8220 ; control of any reproduction or transmittal of their plants, and thendefines reproduction and transmittal to include any visual aspect, even afleeting one, of a protected work in any computing machine, and any transportation of thatwork to, from, or through any other computing machine, the Draft Report # 8217 ; srecommendations would heighten the sole rights in the right of first publication package sofar as to give the right of first publication proprietor the sole right to command reading, sing or listening to any work in digitized form. # 8217 ; `*ahref= # 8221 ; KB4_fn.html # fn111 # 8243 ; [ 111 ] And where are the rights of users? Litman quotes the study, # 8220 ; Users are non granted any affirmatory # 8216 ; rights # 8217 ; under the Copyright Act ; instead, copyright proprietor # 8217 ; s rights are limited by certain freedoms from user liability. # 8217 ; ` [ 112 ] Ms. Litman argues against any alteration in right of first publication jurisprudence that would enthrone right of first publication proprietors the right to command reading, sing or listening. [ 113 ] She says that under current right of first publication jurisprudence show is distinguished from reproduction which requires arrested development in a signifier which is # 8220 ; sufficiently permanent or stable to allow it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. # 8217 ; ` [ 114 ] Ms. Litman believes reading a work into a computing machine # 8217 ; s memory # 8220 ; is excessively ephemeral to make a reproduction within the significance of subdivision 106 ( 1 ) # 8217 ; ` of the right of first publication act. [ 115 ] Ms. Litman inquiries the Report # 8217 ; s premise that enhanced right of first publication protection is in the public # 8217 ; s best involvement. [ 116 ] She says that because the right of first publication Torahs are essentialy written by right of first publication holders, those involvements are served by the jurisprudence, whereas the users neer get invited to the tabular array. [ 117 ] Litman suggests that Congress and the Copyright office are responsible for genuinely stand foring the public # 8217 ; s involvement and non simply comparing the public # 8217 ; s involvement with that of right of first publication holders. [ 118 ] She addresses the given that Godheads need to be bribed with promises of full control of their work by indicating to the world that electronic publications and writers are let go ofing their work on the Net right now, without any promise of protection. [ 119 ] As to the issue of scanning images into computing machines, writer David Loundy is emphasized in his position of right of first publication protection, # 8220 ; Images that are scanned are in misdemeanor of the original right of first publication holder # 8217 ; s rights, unless permission to administer the scanned image is obtained, # 8217 ; ` whether or non the image is farther distributed. [ 120 ] This position seems to be exactly Ms. Litman # 8217 ; s concern sing the protection of the user # 8217 ; s right to see. Of class scanning an image, extinguishing the right of first publication notice and administering the exposure is a affair of serious concern to right of first publication holders. [ 121 ] Decision Lone clip will state what Net users, Net photogs and Net publishing houses finally determine to be just usage. To province the issue compactly, # 8220 ; Fair usage is ever capable to interpretation. # 8217 ; ` [ 122 ] [ FNa J.D. Candidate 1996, Georgia State University School of Law. This paper was written as portion of Professor Patrick Wiseman s Summer, 1995 Law and the Internet category. Thank you to Chas Underwood for this debut into the picture taking universe and Jamey Rousey for proficient support and cocktails. Remarks, corrections and correspondence is welcome, delight reach the writer at Confederacy @ mindspring.com. 1 Gary Panetta, Changing Reality Gallery Walk, PEORIA JOURNAL STAR, April 24, 1994 2 Philip Greenspun, How I Got Rich A ; Famous ( or at least celebrated ) On the Internet, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 58. 3 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 4 Richard Weisgrau A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers. 5 Id. 6 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 7 Weisgrau A ; Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers, 8Sally Wiener Grotta and Daniel Grotta, What # 8217 ; s New In Filmless Cameras, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, 58, March 1995. 9 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 8 ( December, 1992 ) . 10Russ Versteeg, Jurimetric Copyright: Future Shock for the Visual Arts, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 125 ( 1994 ) . 11 Id. 12 Id. at 133 ( citing 991 F.2d at 518 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . This essay presents the debatable relationship between right of first publication as it relates to computing machine determinations and the alone facets of the ocular humanistic disciplines. 13 Id. at 132. 14 Id. 15 Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) 16 Id. 17 Id. 18 Id. 19 Id. 20 Id. ( mentioning Berne Convention, 17 U.S.C. sec 102 ( 1 ) ( 1988 A ; Supp. IV 1992 ) art. 9 ( 1 ) and MAI systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, 991 F.2d 511 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . 21 Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) ( mentioning Berne Convention art 7 ( 6 ) . 22 Cinque # 8217 ; s note explores several complex countries of international copyright jurisprudence see Robert A. Cinque, Making Cyberspace Safe for Copyright: The Protection of Electronic Works in a Protocol to the Berne Convention, 18 FORDHAM INT # 8217 ; L L.J. 1258 ( 1995 ) . 23 Jennifer T. Olsson, Rights in Fine Art Photography: Through A Lens Darkly, 70 TEX. L. REV.,1489, 1500, ( May, 1992 ) . This article reviews all right art right of first publication and the Visual Artist Rights Act of 1990. 24 Id. at 1501. 25 Id. ( citing Linda J. Lacey, Of Bread and Roses and Copyrights, 1989 DUKE L.J. 1532, 1536-37. 26 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) . See besides Benjamin R. Seecof, Scaning Into the Future of Copyrightable Images: Computer-Based Image Processing Poses a Present Threat, 5 HIGH TECH. L.J. 371 ( 1990 ) . 27 Id. 28 David Walker, Consulting Firm Forms Copyright Clearinghouse, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, April, 1995 at 30. 29 Pamela Samuelson and Robert J. Glushko, Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext, 6 HAV.J.L. A ; TECH. 237 ( 1993 ) 30 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 31 Id. 32 Jonathan A. Franklin, Digital Image Reproduction, Distribution and Protection: Legal Remedies and Industry broad Alternatives, 10 SANTA CLARA COMPUTER A ; HIGH TECH. L.J. 347 ( 1994 ) 33 Id. 34 Id. 35 Id. 36 Kevin J. Harrang, Licensing Issues Creating and Publishing Multimedia Software Products, 394 PLI/PAT 361 ( 1994 ) 37 Id. 38 Id. 39 David Walker, Continuum Opens All-Digital Stock Agency, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March 1995 at 26. 40 Id. 41 Id. 42 Id. 43 Id. 44 Id. 45 Id. 46 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 47 Id. 48 Id. 49 Richard Weisgray A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers, 1991 50 Kevin J. Harrang, Licensing Issues Creating and Publishing Multimedia Software Products, 394 PLI/PAT 361 ( 1994 ) 51 Id. 52 Id. 53 Id. 54 David Walker and Nancy Madlin, Time Contributors Split on E-Rights, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, April, 1995 at 20. 55 Id. 56 Id. 57 Id. 58 Id. 59 Id. at 21. 60 Id. 61 Id. at 23. 62 Id. 63 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 64 Id. 65 Id. 66 David Walker, Photogs Dispute Life Re-Use Rights for CD, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March, 1995 at 30-31. 67 Id. 68 Id. 69 Id. 70 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 71 Id. 72 William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 73 Newsweek Goes On Line, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, March, 1995 at 16. 74 Id. 75 See, Jonathan C. Jackson, Legal Aspects of Computer Art, 19 RUTGERS COMPUTER A ; TECH. L.J. 495 ( 1993 ) . 76 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 77 For a treatment of computing machine altered exposures and the civil wrong of false light invasion of privateness, See Jon Lawrence Dartley, Lost Horizons? : Tortious and Philosophic Deductions of Computer Imaging, 19 RUTGERS COMPUTER A ; TECH. L.J. 199 ( 1993 ) . 78 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 Fed. Comm. L.J.1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 79 Id. at 30. 80 Id. 81 Id. at 31. 82 Id. at fn 6. 83 Benjamin R. Seecof, Scaning Into the Future of Copyrightable Images: Computer-Based Processing Poses Present Threat, 5 HIGH TECH. L.J. 371, ( Fall, 1990 ) . 84 Id. 85 Id. 86 Ken Kobre, The Long Tradition of Doctoring Photos, 87 Id. 88 Id. 89 Don E. Tomlinson and Christopher R. Harris, Free-Lance Photojournalism in a Digital Universe: Copyright, Lanham Act and Droit Moral Considerations Plus a Sui Generis Solution, 45 FED. COMM. L.J. 1, 29 ( December, 1992 ) . 90 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) . See besides William Strong, Copyright in the New World of Electronic Publishing, Journal of Electronic Publishing. Original paper presented at the workshop Electronic Publishing Issues II, June 18, 1994. 91 Pamela Samuelson and Robert J. Glushko, Intellectual Property Rights for Digital Library and Hypertext, 6 HAV.J.L. A ; TECH. 237 ( 1993 ) . 92 Id. at 240. 93 Id. 94 Id. 95 Id. at 244. 96 Id. 97 Id. at 244 # 8211 ; 45. 98 Id. at 245. 99 Hal Stucker, The Download Dilemma: pirating Images from Cyberspace, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 54-55. 100 Id. 101 Maureen A. O # 8217 ; Rourke, Proprietary Rights in Digital Data, 41 FED. B. NEWS A ; J. 511 ( 1994 ) 102 Id. 103 Id. 104 Id. ( mentioning Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena, 839 F. Supp. 1552 ( M.D. Fla. 1993 ) 105 Id. 106 Hal Stucker, The Download Dilemma: pirating Images from Cyberspace, PHOTO DISTRICT NEWS, July, 1995 at 54-55. 107 Id. 108 Id. 109 Id. Maureen A. O # 8217 ; Rourke, Proprietary Rights in Digital Data, 41 FED. B. NEWS A ; J. 511 ( 1994 ) 110 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) 111 Id. 112 Id. 113 Id. 114 Id. ( citing H.R. Rep. No. 1476 ) . 115 Jessica Litman, The Exclusive Right to Read, 13 CARDOZO ARTS A ; ENT. L.J. 29 ( 1994 ) 116 Id. 117 Id. 118 Id. 119 Id. For a treatment of pirated package see Andrew Grosso, The National Information Infrastructure, 41 FED.B.NEWS A ; J. 481 ( 1994 ) ( treatment the civil and condemnable punishments for copyright violation and the LaMacchia instance. 120 David J. Loundy, 3 ALB. L.J. SCI. A ; TECH. 79, 132 ( 1992-1993 ) . 121 Id. at 133. 122 Richard Weisgrau A ; Michael Remer, Copyright Guide for Photographers,

John Gardner, Grendel Essay Example

John Gardner, Grendel Essay Grendel by John Gardner In the novel Grendel, by John Gardner, the main character Grendel encounters two other characters who greatly influence his view about the world around him. One of which is The Sharper and the other is the dragon. They both influence Grendels views on life in a unique ways especially since he looks at his life as isolation due to his communication. The Dragon, is an interesting and intelligent character who claims to know everything. Hes a huge, red/golden dragon that lives in a cave filled with gold and gems. The dragon sees the world as a meaningless place which wore ff onto Grendel after their encounter. When Grendel arrived at the cave, the dragon was waiting for him and took full advantage of Grendels fear of him. On page 58 the dragon said, Ah Grendel. YouVe come! This shows the dragon was waiting for his arrival. They were talking about the Shaper and such. However, after this encounter with the dragon, Grendel sees the world as a meaningless place. The dragon influenced Grendels overall looks on life by pushing him even more towards isolation. The other character that influences how Grendel views his life of isolation is known s the Sharper. The Sharper represents the power of art and imagination to the people he tells his tails too. His positive attitude and spirits lifted Grendel up and brought hope into his life. The author gave such an important character very little characterization. Grendel is a very unique character that you need to take time to understand his full character. He views his life as isolation because of his relationships with humans and the way he reacts to others. He lacks communication because every time he tries to interact with humans, it ends in frustration and isappointment. We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Gardner, Grendel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Unfortunately most of the time he finds himself trapped in a state of mind where its a one-way communication or talking to things such as the sky and gets no response. Even his own mother is unable to communicate with him. On page 56, it says She whimpered one sound: Dool-dool! Dool-dool! And the hardest part is that Grendel and humans share a common language however the humans disgust and fear of him overrule all of that. Grendel is Just a character who you truly have to have your eyes and ears open to understand him.

Free Essays on A Rumor Of War

â€Å"As wretched, awful and savage as any war can get, all wars have this element of thrill and excitement in them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Caputo said, in an interview with CNN. A Rumor of War was just that, it discussed everything from gruesome encounters with the Viet Cong to descriptions of the horrible weather. Philip Caputo’s, the author of A Rumor of War, use of vivid language made the book come alive, as if it were a movie. Philip Caputo was not only an amazing Marine Lieutenant, but he was also a very talented writer. This book was the first book that dealt with Vietnam reasonably and it gave people a sense of what the war was like. Philip Caputo, born in Chicago in 1941, went into the Marine Corps straight out of high school. He learned everything he needed to know at Quantico in Virginia. Caputo first landed in Da Nang in 1965 and was still as intrigued with war as he was at age 24. He, along with the other U. S. ground combat marines, expected to be there for a period of time between 30 to 90 days. However, he was on a tour of duty for 16 months and served as a Platoon leader for One-Three and lead his men through several of their life changing experiences. After a while he was assigned as the assistant adjutant because the former one, Lieutenant Schwartz, was going to take command of a rifle company. Caputo was not very thrilled about his switch, but he went with his head held high. While he was the assistant adjutant he had to count the bodies and tally them up. Not long after, he volunteered for a line company in the First Battalion. There, he was put in charge of a Platoon leader for C Company. While he was there, his platoon had many encounters with the Viet Cong. In the year of 1966, Philip Caputo’s experiences ended in a court-martial when two of his troops killed two civilians. Once he returned home, he was sent back to Vietnam, but this time he was a consultant for the Chicago Tribune. A Rumor of War was an ama... Free Essays on A Rumor Of War Free Essays on A Rumor Of War â€Å"As wretched, awful and savage as any war can get, all wars have this element of thrill and excitement in them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Caputo said, in an interview with CNN. A Rumor of War was just that, it discussed everything from gruesome encounters with the Viet Cong to descriptions of the horrible weather. Philip Caputo’s, the author of A Rumor of War, use of vivid language made the book come alive, as if it were a movie. Philip Caputo was not only an amazing Marine Lieutenant, but he was also a very talented writer. This book was the first book that dealt with Vietnam reasonably and it gave people a sense of what the war was like. Philip Caputo, born in Chicago in 1941, went into the Marine Corps straight out of high school. He learned everything he needed to know at Quantico in Virginia. Caputo first landed in Da Nang in 1965 and was still as intrigued with war as he was at age 24. He, along with the other U. S. ground combat marines, expected to be there for a period of time between 30 to 90 days. However, he was on a tour of duty for 16 months and served as a Platoon leader for One-Three and lead his men through several of their life changing experiences. After a while he was assigned as the assistant adjutant because the former one, Lieutenant Schwartz, was going to take command of a rifle company. Caputo was not very thrilled about his switch, but he went with his head held high. While he was the assistant adjutant he had to count the bodies and tally them up. Not long after, he volunteered for a line company in the First Battalion. There, he was put in charge of a Platoon leader for C Company. While he was there, his platoon had many encounters with the Viet Cong. In the year of 1966, Philip Caputo’s experiences ended in a court-martial when two of his troops killed two civilians. Once he returned home, he was sent back to Vietnam, but this time he was a consultant for the Chicago Tribune. A Rumor of War was an ama...

Paper Crafting Assistance from the Professionals

Paper Crafting Assistance from the Professionals â€Å"What is an English essay?† While this sounds like the easiest thing on the planet, we often get asked this question. As a student, you know the drill! There’s no way you will evade crating an English paper. This is just one of those essays that you have to write at one point in your academic life. Are you confident that you have the necessary skills to complete this paper? Do you even have the time to write this paper by yourself? Are you certain that you will ace this paper? Most students cannot craft their papers for varied reasons. First, they lack time to handle their assignments because they are tied up with other responsibilities, such as studying for exams, going to class, and completing other papers. Probably, they just want to relax and have a good time with friends. Other students are not skilled enough to complete these papers by themselves. 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Our guide is intended to make life easier for you. We have compiled a list of guidelines and tips that can help you while writing an English essay. Make use of them to increase your chances of getting a good grade in your assignment. The Guide on How to Start an English Essay Now that your professor has handed you an assignment, you are conflicted on how to begin an English essay. The first thing that you need to understand is what you are being asked of. Do you understand what the question or topic expects of you? There are important terms that you have to look out for since they act as guidelines on how you should come up with your response to the topic question. Comprehending what is expected if you will not only enable you to structure your paper properly, but it will also show you the direction in which you should take your research to answer the questions effectively. If you are to write on a topic of your choice, make sure you choose something that you’re passionate about, but it still has to be relevant. Next, research on the topic. If you intend to achieve high marks, make use of academic research articles. You must go through several sources before choosing the most relevant for your topic. Once you’re done conducting your research , create an outline of how your paper will look like. These are requirements that have to be adhered to in the structure of an English essay. Even though questions may be different and education levels may be varied, all these papers will follow a similar structural basis every time. Crafting successfully is dependent upon comprehending the structural rules. Your paper has to begin with an introduction which will sum up how you intend to answer the question, and the course that your arguments will follow. The main body will follow what has been set out in your introduction. 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Engineering Management - Assignment EM1 Research Paper

Engineering Management - Assignment EM1 - Research Paper Example A low ratio in comparison with industry averages indicates an inefficient use of business assets. The Return on Assets Ratio is calculated as follows: Return on Assets = Net Profit Before tax / Total Assets = 1M / (1.2M + 0.7M -0.5M) = 1M / 1.4M = 0.714 Return on Investment (ROI) Ratio Return on Investment Ratio is the ratio of percentage of return on funds invested by the owners. The ROI is perhaps the most important ratio of all. The ROI should be high enough for an investor to invest in risk taking business proposition. The ROI is calculated as follows: Return on Investment = Net Profit before Tax / Net worth. (Word Count = 497) 1. (b) Do you think the above structure is satisfactory How would you change the structure and why would you change it To find answer to the above question first we have to look at what is an Organisation Structure I will just quote one, which I feel gives the essence of organization structure. 'The structure of an organization [is] the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labor into distinct tasks and then achieves co-ordination among them' (Mintzberg, 1989).' In analyzing the organization structure of Tees Valley Doors (TVD), I find that the organization structure is lacking some vital points. 1. This is a top-heavy organization structure. The total no. of employees are 70. For which there are 3 whole time Directors, 6 managers. 2. The allocation of jobs to the Directors are also not proper e.g. the Distribution Manger is having 4 assistants under him and the Warehouse manager is having 5 operators under him. I feel the posts of Managers here are superficial. It should be the job...It is calculated before income tax because tax rates and tax liabilities vary from company to company for a wide variety of reasons, making comparisons after taxes much more difficult. The Net Profit Margin Ratio is calculated as follows: This ratio reveals how well inventory is being managed. It is important because the more times inventory can be turned in a given operating cycle, the greater the profit. It is stated that inventory turn over is three times a year. This measures how efficiently profits are being generated from the assets employed in the business when compared with the ratios of firms in a similar business. A low ratio in comparison with industry averages indicates an inefficient use of business assets. The Return on Assets Ratio is calculated as follows: Return on Investment Ratio is the ratio of percentage of return on funds invested by the owners. The ROI is perhaps the most important ratio of all. The ROI should be high enough for an investor to invest in risk taking business proposition. The ROI is calculated as follows: 2. The allocation of jobs to the Directors are also not proper e.g. the Distribution Manger is having 4 assistants under him and the Warehouse manager is having 5 operators under him. I feel the posts of Managers here are superficial. It should be the job of supervisors to handle operators and assistants.

Critique of relevant readings and other research on whole school Essay

Critique of relevant readings and other research on whole school development and SDPs linked to my SDP - Essay Example Clough and Corbett say that first education involves professionals been given the responsibility to deal with the handicapped and ‘difficult-to-teach children. Children with special needs need to be taken from normal schools to special schools, which can adequately cater for their needs. Where teachers have special training to handle them and the facilities suit them. Social response sees special education arising from social processes. It is true to say that the education acts of 1981 with its formal structure of assessment and statementing made it possible to remove the boundaries of public expenditure and made it possible to maintain the status quo. Clough and Corbett (2006) say that the different approaches to curricular all circulate upon the fact of what we ask the learner to do, how and when we ask it. This will help the learner establish success, as the community sees it. Using Stenhouse`s research they say that in order to bring into practice classroom and teaching pla ns closer a teacher evaluation is needed for curriculum development to take place. They say that it is only recently in the last decade that school effectiveness was considered something important in schools. Disability studies are entirely different from educational studies. They cite the work of Oliver who wrote the paper ‘The Social and Political Context of Educational Policy: The Case of Special Needs’. Ainscow (2006) inclusion associated with children with special needs when it comes to education. This meaning is gotten from the Education Act 1986 in which inclusion was seen as an act of temporarily or permanently removing a child from school institutions because of disciplinary causes. He defines inclusion as a process that involves overcoming pressures of exclusion, instead of seeing inclusion as being stopped from attending school, seeing it as a way of discriminatory, devaluing and self protection that takes place in the schools and society There are three defi nitions that he gives that the majority of people can accept. The first is that inclusion a way of improving the child`s participation and reducing their exclusion from cultures, the curricula and the communities of the local schools, secondly that it is revising the practices, cultures and practices so as to deal with the different variety of students in schools, and lastly the participation, presence and achievement of children how are likely to face exclusion pressures. Practices such as the reduction of bullying and including parents and professionals in the surroundings of the school in its running are also key aspects of inclusion. Staff in learning institutions should be included when making decisions about learning and teaching activities. The various identities and family backgrounds of the students should also be put into consideration; this will support learning and boost participation of students in school work (Holye, 1). Hoyle (2008) the government wanted that every ch ild no matter their background to have access to health and that they are safe, able to enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and that they are able to their economic well-being. This involves the institutions giving these services to children such as hospitals, the police and school coming together and establishing ways of delivering their services effectively. There are other challenges that the government of England has to deal with other

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay Example for Free

FEU Admission Policies for incoming Freshmen Essay The following policies for admission and retention shall be effective School Year 2012-13 and apply to all incoming freshmen and transferees entering the school in that school year. 1. All incoming first year shall be subject to the University’s admission requirements, as administered by the Admissions Office 2. Students pursuing a degree in Accountancy shall be enrolled initially in the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration-Major in Internal Auditing program (BSBA-IA). 3. To be eligible for admission to higher studies in the BSBA-IA program, BSBA-IA students shall pass a qualifying examination to be administered by the Institute after they have taken Fundamentals of Accounting Part 2. This is usually scheduled near or at the end of the 1stSemester in the second year of the curriculum. Students enrolled in other BSBA majors who have completed 12 units of Fundamentals of Accounting Parts 1 and 2 may take the examination and be admitted to the BSBA-IA program if qualified. The result of the qualifying examination is final and not subject to appeal; no retakes are allowed. Non qualifiers shall be advised to shift to another BSBA major. Non qualification after this first qualifying examination is a permanent disqualification from the BSBA-IA program. 4. To remain in the BSBA-IA program the student must meet all of the following requirements: A. GWA of 2. 0 or better in all accounting, law, and taxation subjects, with no grade lower than 2. 5 in any of these subjects B. Students may continue in the program only if the non-qualified subjects are re-enrolled and the required passing grade is attained. C. Pass a comprehensive examination at the end of each academic year covering all major subjects in the year level for the academic year; unsuccessful examinees may be advised to shift to another major, re-enroll some courses, or retake the examination. Students who do not meet the grade requirement are barred from taking the comprehensive examination. 5. All 4th year BSBA-IA students who have completed all course requirements shall be eligible for graduation with the BSBA-IA degree. To be admitted to 5th year BS Accountancy, the student must pass a written comprehensive examination to be taken at the end of the 4thyear, BSBA-IA, Non-qualifiers may retake the comprehensive examination any number of times to qualify for 5th year BSA 6. To qualify for graduation with the BSA degree, the student must pass a comprehensive written examination at the end of the 5th year; non passers may retake the examination any number of times until finally qualified. Students who fail for the third time shall re-enroll at least 6 units of 5th year subjects as recommended by the Dean or Associate Dean. Passing the written comprehensive examination is an absolute requirement for graduation.

Events Surrounding Josephus writing Description of the Roman Army Essay

â€Å"This account I have given the reader, not so much with the intention of commending the Romans, as of comforting those that have been conquered by them, and for the deterring others from attempting innovations under their government. This discourse of the Roman military conduct may also perhaps be of use to such of the curious as are ignorant of it, and yet have a mind to know it.† –excerpt from â€Å"Description of the Roman Army,† by Josephus Josephus, a Jewish priest, was said to be hated by his Jewish people for the relationship he held with Rome and the Romans hated him because of his ties to the Jewish faith. His writings have been criticized as being nothing more than Pro-Roman propaganda. Born in the year 37 C.E., a few years after the time of Jesus, Josephus was born Joseph ben Mattathius, in Jerusalem. He grew up in the Early Common Era, during the time the Romans occupied his Jewish homeland. His father was a priest and his mother was of royal descent. He was well educated, fluent in both Hebrew and Aramaic and spoke but could barely write in Greek and Latin. By the age of 14, he was being consulted by high priests in the matters of Jewish law. He was a very intelligent, young man. He was a Jewish priest, a scholar, and a historian. In his early twenties, Josephus was called away to Rome to negotiate the release of some priests being held hostage by Emperor Nero. Upon his return, he found that his nation had begun a revolution with the Romans. He was then drafted into becoming commander of the revolutionary forces of Galilee. He spent more time trying to work out internal problems than fighting the Roman Army. When Jotapata, the city he was defending, was taken over by Roman General Vespasian, he and h... ...rationalized that he might’ve done whatever he could to please his captures. I believe that from reading â€Å"The Description of the Roman Army,† that Josephus really, truly, admired the Roman Army. He did believe them to be superior organization. He described their nature as being a â€Å"perfect discipline† and described them as very efficient. He goes on to say that â€Å"their opponents cannot match theses qualities.† It is understandable that his own people would consider him a traitor, because he is glorifying the Roman Army, the army that destroyed his people. This is a historical document, however accurate or inaccurate it might be, it is one of the very few pieces of writing we have from back in the time of the Jewish war. It is highly influential. I think it’s a very interesting piece of history. It gives us some perspective into this classical period in time.

Hearts R Us Case Essay

Under normal circumstances, preferred stock is classified as an equity item. However, there are certain cases in which preferred stock could be classified differently on the balance sheet. According to FASB ASC 480-10-25-8, any financial instrument that carries an obligation to repurchase the issuer’s equity shares would be classified as a liability. In this case, the contingent redemption right would fall under this scope dictating that the preferred stock would fall under a liability. The liability would carry a credit balance. It is also imperative to disclose the unusual voting right of electing one board member, the conversion rate, the additional protective rights and the rights of first refusal and co-sale rights in summary form in the financial statements. This falls under FASB ASC 505-10-50-3 which states â€Å"an entity shall explain, in summary form within its financial statements, the pertinent rights and privileges of the various securities outstanding.† Since Hearts R Us did not obtain FDA approval by the fifth year anniversary they are subject to their contingent redemption price which obligates them to redeem the stocks for par value. This is set by FASB ASC 480-10-35-3 which determines that if the settlement price and date, which in this case is the par value for the price and the fifth year anniversary for the date, are fixed then the firm would subsequently pay the fixed amount. This would result in a debit to the account in which the liability was placed under. If Hearts R Us were to fall under SEC requirements, it would still not change because according to FASB ASC 480-10-S99-3A â€Å"preferred securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity if they are redeemable (1) at a fixed or determinable price on a fixed or determinable date, (2) at the option of the holder, or (3) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer.†

NSU Financial Aid Essay

Your impression about NSU FINANCIAL AID in comparison with the best Universities of home and abroad Private University Act was authorized in 1992 which obligates private universities to offer scholarships of its poor but worthy students. This act is followed by most of the private universities; however some universities go beyond and do more than the minimum requirements to comply with this act. Among these liberal universities is North South University. Every year, NSU grants a total of around more than 500 students’ full or partial scholarships. Some other private universities like BRAC University, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), East West University also has financial aiding opportunities for their students. While they offer generous and reasonable aid to students, they do not seem as enthusiastic as NSU in this program. Researching personally, I found that their websites are not equally as helpful and informative as NSU’s website. NSU’s website provides detail information about the requirements and procedures to apply for financial aid. EWU provides aid either during admissions or after completing one whole year. While BRACU did not state how it aids its current students based on performance. IUB offers aid only through admissions and not on university performance. Abroad, only USA provides good financial support for foreign student. Other countries provide very limited offer to international students. For example Universities in Australia are only lenient in providing scholarship to students who holds Australian passport. Universities like Harvard, MIT and Yale offer full scholarships on needs and merit basis. But then again, universities like Harvard, MIT and rest of the Ivy League colleges, what are the chances for an international student from this part of the world. Also abroad universities/colleges in USA, Canada provide financial assistances for students who may not be academically talented but talented in other fields like sports, music, drama and other activities. However, neither NSU nor any other private universities have this opportunity provided for their students. After going through the whole application process, I found the process to some extent smooth except for collection the form from the bank and also standing in the long queue for four hours just to submit my form. Aid is offered among the highest scorers of the admission test, the current students who perform well and has a healthy CGPA and siblings who currently are studying in NSU. This acts as an incentive for students to concentrate on their studies and do well in their courses to maintain a GPA of 2.75, to me that’s relatively easy. So after doing my research my impression is that even though there are certain areas of improvement, unless I am going abroad, which I am not, NSU is my best offer. I am glad to be in NSU and get this financial aid offer; it is way better than any other offers in any other private university in Bangladesh.

Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Essays

Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Essays Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Paper Coca Colas Micro and Macro Environment Paper Macro inappropriatenesss main role is to match competences, abilities and resources within the organization and market opportunities outside outside of the organization. Understanding of customers needs is main essence of whole story but marketers should also be aware of factors and forces that can cause customer needs to be evolve. A change in customers needs will directly affect ability of organization to serve customers, this really implies for marketers to be aware of what is happening in external or macro environment. Objectifications. Com[accessed : 11 seep , 2009 )surest Bed (2004) describes Macro environment as composition of social and international ores that affect the society within which an organization operates. There is not much that companies can do to control these powerful forces therefore it is very much of importance for marketers to understand these factors and forces so that they can devise an optimal marketing strategy to handle these conditions. According to Kettle(1984), The macro environment consist of the larger societal forces that affect micro environment (internal). These forces are Peg Peg Upstart . Peg marketing Mix ,Econometrical Kumar(2004) suggested that this element indicates economic trends of external environments and identifies overall economic disposition of individuals and society , their paying capacity , earning , interest rates , inflation and unemployment rates. This factor is of very much importance as customers sort out their needs according to their paying capacity. For example if overall economical disposition of a town is not that good , it means people living in that town are less capable of spending much , this analysis can help marketers to select right kind of products in that town. Demographical is study of human populations in terms of size, density, action, age, sex, race, and occupation . It can identify the different age structure, which is necessary, as marketers need to know who they have to serve, it allows them to make the profit making decisions for the marketing mix. Identify trends in population growth at relevant ages for your industry(there may be zero population growth in general but high growth in the number of people over 65). It help identify marketers of their customers, less growth of married couple in town shows that there is an increase in unmarried people and civil partnerships and usually it is seen that unmarried couple in different regions f the world tends less attracted of having children , eventually can be summarizes that less married people , less consumption of children products particular to that area. Weatherboardings. Com , [accessed : 09 Seep , macro legal environment identifies legal changes and restriction for products to launch and grow their profitability , for example in many areas of world some products are not liked and allowed to sell due to societal or religious obligations , in many areas some particular products and trends are warm welcomes , an example of this is pork and wine which is not permitted to trade legally . Therefore major food chains as McDonald and KEF use other sources to serve their customer. Political and sociologically and social macro environment identifies societal motives and trends , for example , in modern day world people prefer organic foods and greener environment , social behaviors , values and norms , society attitude towards different issues as global warming , make of family structure etc . Politically these issues are legalized in different areas of the world. Technologically identifies changes in daily life technological scenarios of societies as now online markets has taken place of high street , online renovations play an important part in daily trade of economy. Manage. Com [accessed : 09 Seep 2009 ])intercultural forces are also an important players in this regard as it heavily matters , what kind of weather a particular group of people living in. You cannot sell fur coats in Kenya and most parts of warm weathered countries, especially in hot summer. Likewise in Russia and Canada thin clothes are rare and clothes to cope with tough winter season are most likely to be accepted. The natural environment consists of natural resources that are required as inputs by marketers , natural disasters can cause a change in demand. The cultural environments environment consist of institutions and other forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions, priorities and behaviors An organization must carefully watch and respond to changes in these forces as they all can shape opportunities and also create threats. (schoolteachers. Us C accessed : 11 Seep , 2009 )The Coca-Cola Counterrevolutionary Coca-Cola Company is the biggest name in beverage industry , largest manufacturer , distributor and marketer of non alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world and one of the largest corporation in United States and Europe. The company is famous for TTS most famous product Coca Cola it was invented by pharmacist John Stitch Phenomenon in 1886. Formula and brand was bought by Coca Cola in 1892 , besides this flagship product Coca Cola currents sells near 400 brands over 200 countries and territories and serve 1. 5 billion serving per day. The company operates on franchise system from 1889 where The Coca Cola only produces concentrated syrups which are then sold to various bottlers throughout the world. Headquarter of Coca Cola is in Atlanta , Georgia and its current chairman is Mutter Kent. Wisped. Com [access : 13 Seep 2009] Bottlenecks cola normally produces concentrated syrups an then sell these syrups to its franchise bottlers who hold franchises, Coca cola bottlers , who got exclusive contracts with parent company then produces finished products in cans and bottles from concentrates syrup and add filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell and distribute resulting product to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants and food services etc. One important exclusion of this relationship between Coca Cola and its bottlers is fountain syrups in United States where Coca Cola directly sell and manufacture fountain syrups to authorized fountain wholesalers and retailers. In 2005 , The Coca Cola had equity positioning in 51 unconsolidated bottling, canning and distribution operations that resulted nearly 58 % of volume notable exception to this general relationship benzene TCL and bottlers is fountain syrups in the United States, where TCL bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale Of fountain Syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers. In 2005, The Coca-Cola Company had equity positions in 51 unconsolidated titling, canning and distribution operations which produced approximately 58% of volume. Toecap-Colombian. Com[ access : 15 Seep , 2009 of Macro environment on Coca Colonial will discuss how macro environment has change course of strategy of Coca Cola Demographic environment has a solid impact on soft drink industry in different ways , youth and young adults are major consumers of Coca Cola , as a result of less fertility of ass there is a major decline in this volume of consumer group , moreover worst economic situation has sent common consumers in deep stress. Number of consumers for alcoholic drinks has risen in last year. Surveys has shown that underage of 25 , alcoholic drinks usage has risen significantly this has dropped popularity of soft drinks . New brands with zero sugar and diet products by Coca Cola has attracted many customers of old age to come back to these drinks. The society is now more educated and concerned. Soft drinks arent considered healthy, and as people know of the problems linked with drinking bad drinks that rot teeth, it has an effect on the soft drink industry . There are many developments in the bottling, to suit image, such as Coca-Colas slick shape, the different sizes, which provide more acceptability and market attractiveness. Coca Cola is main sponsor for sports events in all areas Of the world , this make people feel that Coca Cola is helping society for the sake of good as they expect from large organizations to help society. (A Buckley , 1993)Economical situations plays an important role in macro environment . In the soft drink industry prices vary significantly. Cheap Products attract more customers than expensive ones especially in times of economic struggle. In year 2008 net assets and income for Coca Cola has dropped due to economic struggle factor as this Coca Colas product is mainly unconsumed by young people , decline in earning of parents has minimized their budget and spending capacity for their children. The natural environment problems or people concerned of greener world are more satisfied as cans are recycled after usage and create no harm to environment. We have seen many alterations of flavor inventions, and then many more flavors too. These include diet and caffeine free to attract the more healthy conscious, many fruity-flavored soft drinks, and many more. His is due to the technology environment, Industry is using the developments in technology to provide more varieties to access a greater market. G. Lancaster and P. Reynolds , 1998) Political , legal environment , The enhanced concern for the environment also comes under the topic of cultures. Besides, cultures have many other influences, like peoples views about themselves that affect the market. Coca-Cola, promoted that there is an image associated with drinking their product. People use its products as a way of self-expression so they buy what will make them feel good. For example national celebrities images are printed on cans and bottles , green coke is also an example. Conclusion have seen that there are still lot of room for Coca Cola to do in arrest place. Especially now with changing macro environment forces that are compelling market to shrink for soft drinks. Coca Cola has realized change in external environment and introduce some new products and price ranges including offers for retailers and individuals. diet coke and zero coke are brands to attract customers who are more concerned about their health. In 2007 low and now sugar products were launched making this range up to 53% from 2001 in Britain . Glacial vitamin water is launched in London which is single packing of 500 ml With three different flavors of orange , lemonade and raspberry/apple. In the soft drink industry these forces are mostly all positive and therefore can benefit the consumers. Part Bodacious how marketing mix is used by selected organization to gain competitive advantages Marketing MixlntroductionMarketing mix is a concept first presented by Neil H. Borden in his articles in 1964 , Borden started using this term after Scullion named marketing manager a mixer of ingredients. McCarthy grouped these elements into 4 AS. Afterwards as industry grew more complicated and integrated especially after technological boom that brought world globally on a scenario of local market , now to grasp he view more comprehensively it is also described as ups by some authors. (Wisped. Com [ accessed 1 7 Seep decisions mainly fall into these controllable elements or categories :Productions can be any tangible or intangible entity introduced in market. Its main features customer needs;Profitable;Can attract customers (appearance)Perceiving is an important ingredient of marketing mix because price influences on from both angles , if prices are high , people would other cheap products but on the same time people would consider it a prestige and high standard of buying this product. But if price is low it will have as a same impact as in case of high , so market should be analyses to decide about price plan that where this product is going to be launch and who will be its main consumers. (Biked. O. UK[accessed : 21 Seep 2009])Place/PositionDistribution channels and stores where product will be placed and sold out are of very much importance as this easy access leads to frequent sales. Promotion;Prize draw; Promotional codes;Gift vociferousnesss involved in planning up to selling of product are people , customer service , follow up staff , delivery staff , packaging staff etc. Staff should be well turned up and trained towards achieving targets. Productions design and its preparation to its distribution is called process. Physical epidemiological evidence is judged to check customers satisfaction levels and for any changes in advertisements campaigns and distribution channels etc. ;Customers response,;Market share analysis(Better Kyle , 7 Ways to Improve Profit Through Both Long- and Short-Term Strategies)Marketing Mix in Coca Cloacae-Cola is the largest manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverages and different brands of soft drinks. Now we will look at how Coca-Cola has used their marketing mix. The marketing mix is a combination Of 4 parts; product, price, promotions and place. The product- The product (Coca-Cola soft drink) not only includes just the liquid in it but also the packaging. On the product-service continuum we see that a soft drink provides little service, apart from the convenience and comfort. Soft drinks are mainly to satisfy the need of thirst. However, people are always of different nature an behaviors, some like more and others want less. Therefore Coca-Cola have made available different choices by providing many sizes. Consumers also can have particular tastes, and in this field , they also have been provided lot of options. So, although thirst is basic need to be satisfied and that is the main job required, consumer are having other advantages in the taste and size. This all sum up to the product line, which is a term used to describe a group of products that are close in their functions in a similar way, are sold to the same consumer groups, and advertise in the same way. Coca-Cola has introduced lot of different flavors and sizes as described earlier, but also several brands such as Sprite, Lift, Fauna and Diet Coke that enhance the product line length, making full use of the market to maximize profitability and growth. Coca-Cola, however, also focuses on creating an image of the product. With the help of this they make it social drink, one thou would like to have in ago times. So when consumers go and buy Coca-Cola, they are not only satisfying thirst but taking on an image, an idea and reasonably related thought. We are going to a party we have to get Coca-Cola. Through promotion people now been transferred the idea that its only cool to drink Coca-Cola, and to be seen with anything else is cheap. One of its advertising managing focused on enjoying of drinks , they have infused a thought that drinking is not only required when you are thirsty but it can be used when one want to relax and enjoy or get rid of stress in daily routine life. The product is made convenient , to be bought on frequent basis, instant , and with a minimum of comparison and buying effort . The appearance of the product is attractive with the bright red color. It has a intelligently designed bottle shape that fits in your hand better, and reflects a cool and more futuristic look. The quality of the soft drink should be high on permanent basis. Sealed caps guarantee that fizz is not lost. The bottles are light weight , with comparatively flexible packaging, so they wont break or leak, and are not too much heavy to casually walk around with. The cans are also light and safe. All of this is a part of the product, from the drink to the image. And with the help of promotions Coca-Cola points to create an attractiveness for this. Some of their advertisement campaigns include beach scenes, which creates a connection of Coca-Cola and fun together in consumers mind. Coca-Cola heavily focus on advertisement schemes, always willing and looking for new ideas and flooding the TV with Coca-Cola, most of the time boosting their image as being socially accepted and fun. Coca-Cola works on the pull strategy in their advertisements. As, they urge to the consumers to create the demand for their product which creates a demand on the retailers and then back to them. For example, in supermarkets and convenience stores Coca-Cola has their own fridge which contains only their products. There is little personal selling, but that is made up for in public relations and corporate image. Coca-Cola is major sponsors in lot of events happening in the world of sports and recreational activities. This is another way of creating awareness and bonds for the product. They also use competitions tricks, for example by opening lid you can win an instant prize, to encourage consumers to buy their product over the competitions products. Coca-Cola promotions then create knowledge and overall liking about the product through campaigns that tells it has the best taste, is the most popular and is the one of the future ,in short , making it best of all, whilst appealing to a large group of consumers. Coca-Cola approaches all possible retailing stores in working over third part, place. In supermarkets and convenient stores Coca-Cola products are always very easy to identify, and normally make up the greater chances of buying it. This increases their market exposure through effective use of the distribution channels. For a FMC it is of very much important that they can be located and purchased easily. With the many automatic can machines located in many sports stadiums and shopping malls, you dont need to go in any store. It increases circulation speed of the product. Pricing strategy is the last area of the marketing mix. Coca-Cola products would appear, on the racks, with most expensive range of soft drinks moon to supermarkets, at approximately double the price of no name brands. It is due to multiple reason , one is obvious to cover extra cost of advertisement campaigns, prices kept high to create a special image of the product in consumers mind that they are nor only buying a drink but they are entering in a special range of fun recreation , it depicts an idea that everyone is not cool and futuristic. That is why in most of its campaign , coke is being consumed by people who are extra ordinary and ideal for a larger group of people. In this way it creates assumption in ones mind of being different room norms. When people buy Coca-Cola they are not just buying the beverage but also the image that goes with it, therefore to have the price higher reiterates the fact that the product is of a better quality than the rest and that creates a feeling in consumers mind that he is not cheap. This is known as value-based pricing and is used by many other industries in attracting consumers. A. Hutching 1995)Conclusions-Cola is using marketing mix to get an advantage over its rivals . As we know , it is an age of self awareness and educated society . This society is more concerned about health and environmental issues. Now consumers also think and decide who is better in market not only from product aspect but overall rating is given on the basis of organizations participation and awareness in different issues of modern ay Coca-Cola is well known for intelligently using all these cards to get dominance over its competitors and is successful in my point of view.