Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Compare and Contrast, from Cholos to Surfers and My Latino Heart

The connections in these two stories is that in Mr. Lopez story is that a young boy is troubled because he is not sure on what being a â€Å"Mexican† is all about, and that ties in with what is California image really trying to say. The next story â€Å"Of Cholos and Surfers† is a depiction of a young boy also, but he is having trouble trying to break out of the tradition of being a normal â€Å"Mexican† and do what he is more comfortable doing. In the story of â€Å"My Latino Heart† it is about a young teenager who is having trouble finding what the Mexican culture is all about.He is not sure on how to fit in with his Mexican culture. The identity of his culture is hard for him to comprehend. He asked his mother â€Å" What am I†. His mother answered â€Å" You’re a Mexican American† He replied â€Å" But what does that mean†. He couldn’t didn’t know what his parents were trying to tell him. He did not think he wa s Mexican because he couldn’t speak the Spanish. He wanted to have a answer to his question. He went to his Aunt and asked her what it meant to be a Mexican American. His Aunt replied â€Å" You’re you†.Again he was not sure of what this meant? He didn’t get another opportunity to ask his Aunt again because she had died of alcoholism. When the family had a gathering he shied away from the younger parts of his family, and went to the adults to see what his Aunt was really like when she was alive and didn’t drink. He could get a sense of what being a Mexican meant. Remembering the people that had died and to never forget them. To think of the good things about the person and to credit them for their influence they had in his life.Also in the lives that she had contact with long enough to make a difference in their lives. In the story â€Å"Of Cholos and Surfers† this teenage boy depicted by the author Jack Lopez, was a boy who lived in a Mexic an family in the Los Angeles area. His family was a family who kept their roots, and never forgot where they came from. Also there were two sides of the neighborhood were they grew up. You were either a cholo or a surfer. This young teenage boy had more of a interest in the surfer lifestyle. He wanted to be a surfer so bad that he wore clothes that the surfers would wear.His family would not allow to him to have his hair down to his ears. His friends in junior high where Sheldon Cohen and Tom Gheridelli. They were both surfers. He naturally became good friends with them because they had the same interest. He wanted to buy a surfer magazine that cost forty-five dollars. He would read Surfer Quarterly, and other surfer magazines with his friends at Sportsman Park under the bleachers. Him and his dad made an agreement that his dad would take him to get a magazine in Vermont.When he and his dad arrived in Vermont they got the magazine his father looked at him and said â€Å" Is that it ? †. He didn’t believe that his son was serious about getting the magazine. When his father got to the counter to pay for the magazine, the clerk and his dad were poking fun at the magazine in Spanish. In these stories starting with â€Å"My Latino Heart† and the California myth of a glamorous life is this; in this story, this young boy wants to know what it means to be a Latino/Mexican. He asks’ his Aunt, his father, and his mother on what it means to be Mexican.He has to go to through a journey and figure out on what this Mexican culture is all about. n the story â€Å" Of Cholos and Surfers† the similarities of this story to that of the California dream is this. This young boy wanted something more out of his life. He did not think that the life of a cholo was the right life for him. He wanted to do something that he thought would have purpose and that made sense to him, and something that would make him succeed. Even though his parents did not l ike the idea. He was willing to make that dream come true.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Essay on Essay

Questions: 1. What details in the first two paragraphs convey a sense of the ordinary, behind-the-scenes routines of film critics? What words or phrases suggest the longevity of Ebert’s career as a movie reviewer?The part where it says, â€Å"Some of them look as though they plan on camping out, with their coats, blankets, lunches, and laptops spread out on the seats around them,† shows that this is the routine of the film critics because they are comfortable in the room together. Also, the room has comfortable chairs for the critics to get nice and comfortable in. He says that Ebert is the most renowned movie critic in the world. This indicates that he must have been doing this for a long time to be famous for this.2. How does Chris Jones distinguish Ebert from his fellow reviewers? Why is this contrast important?He shows that Ebert is old school and goes off his memory since he only has a pen and note pad to make notes, where all the other critics will be on their com puters for hours writing after the movie.3. How does Jones’s description of Ebert’s reaction to Broken Embraces help us understand Ebert’s character? What words or phrases reveal Ebert’s attitude toward the experience of watching this film?Ebert shows that he likes the movie very much and shows joy by taking excited notes.4. What are the connotations of â€Å"kid joy†?â€Å"Kid joy† means being purely happy, like a little kid running through sprinklers or around a playground.5. Jones writes that, at the end of the film, â€Å"it looks as though [Ebert’s] sitting on top of a cloud of paper.† Jones then describes how Ebert â€Å"kicks his notes into a small pile with his feet.† Why are these images important?What side of Ebert’s personality do they reveal? These images are important because it shows Ebert’s frustration.6. Why does Jones use the word â€Å"savoring† to describe Ebert’s  quiet p ause after the film ends?It shows that Ebert is taking in the feelings of happiness because it was such a good picture.7. What does Jones mean when he says that the moment Ebert said his last words before losing the ability to talk to cancer â€Å"wasn’t cinematic†? Why is this significant?Ebert cant remember it, while someone’s last words would be meaningful and memorable, so it is not cinematic.8. What details are important in Jones’s description of Ebert’s second-floor library? What do the objects in this room suggest about Ebert’s current life?He had everything he could want in that room. The objects in this room suggest that his life simple and old fashioned.9. Why does Jones say reading Ebert’s post-cancer online journal is like â€Å"watching an Aztec pyramid being built†?He says this because it shows Ebert’s journey to win his battle against cancer and even though it seemed impossible, he managed to push though i t.10. What words and phrases suggest the post-cancer, post-voice surge of productivity Ebert experienced in his writing?â€Å"Feverishly banging the keys of his MacBook Pro† and â€Å"massive monument of written debate†

Monday, July 29, 2019

A History of the Issue of the Gender Wage Gap in America

A History of the Issue of the Gender Wage Gap in America The gender wage gap has been around since women began having jobs and careers in the economy. In the beginning of the wage gap was purely doing to discrimination as well as social stereotypes, now it has become more complicated than that. The issue today has evolved into a complex issue which combines our American culture, business economics politics and social culture. As a result, some are skeptical of the issue and some are very adamant in their mind set. The Equal Pay Act was initiated during the Kennedy administration. Since then, the gender wage gap has been narrowing every year, but it still does exist in the United States. The gender wage gap is the difference between what women get paid and what men get paid for doing the same job. Each year and pay quota women are paid 59 cents more than before which may be a good thing, more or less they the pay roll are not equal for working women and working men in the field. People have been trying to prove whether the gender wage gap i s institute, or unimportant since before the first act was passed. In the 1963 the gender wage gap was a huge issue; women made only 63% of what men made in the same positions. As time has progressed, women now make on average 77% of what men make in the same position. Every second a baby is born in the United States, according to the U.S. Census, and with a baby comes big responsibility. Whether it’s fair or not, the social norm is the woman stays at home, while the man goes to work to pay the bills. Since many women feel the pressures of family obligations more than the men do, they often are forced to choose between their family and their careers. Accordingly women statistically don’t put in as many overtime hours as men, says April Kelly-Woessner, a political science professor at Elizabethtown College. Employers complain that women regularly choose family obligations over their jobs. In politics men believe that women should not be in the field because they are women; though can have the same education women in the feature will eventually have families and have kids to take care of. With that comes multiple respponicbities. Thus women would have to retire and quit their current job to take care of their growing family. Many companies believe that men can do a better job than women because men do nessecarrly need to be worried about their running the household since its mainly the women’s job as the â€Å"House Keeper†. When many companies say this it sparks a debate, riot, and protest on the working pay roll of working women. To this day, there is still no definitive reason why, but the gap seems to close little by little each year. Can we contribute that to women standing up for themselves more, working harder to prove their worth, or even challenging the system? T.J. Billitteri wrote the article entitled Gender pay gap touching base on the important fact which is women working and sharing the same career title as a man are making far less money (March 14, 2008).CQ Researcher, 18, 241-264.Billitteri begins his article touching base on a large lawsuit of Ledbetter vs. Goodyear tire. Ledbetter, one of few females in her supervisory position, realized she was making $559.00 a month less than the males in the same position. She received around $3 million in back pay and damages. That case stirred up a lit of press on the pay gap issue and put emphasis on bills such as the Fair Pay Act. Recognized female state officials are pushing the enforcement of Fair Pay Acts and Equal Pay Acts more and more on Congress and the Senate still to this day. Billitteri (2008) states with those in effect men and women would have equal compensation when working in the same field. A prime example is a women working as a Chief Executive makes on average 22 percent of what a male Chief Executive makes. Looking at the 2006 U.S. Census statistics it showed â€Å"the pay gap at about 77 percent of the men’s median full-time, year-round earnings.† (Billitteri 2008). In Billitteris’ article he discusses how when hiring a female the company takes into account the possibilities for maternity leave, higher insurance needs, time off to care for children, and a raised risk for sexual harassment claims. It has become apparent that women are intimidated to seek out executive or other high paying positions In the 21st Century the number of women enrolling in higher education institutions is surpassing the numbers of men enrolled. The graduation rates of women from high school and higher education are most often higher than for men. The number of women graduates from most professional occupations, including higher paying medicine, law and business, will exceed the number of men graduates in the near future. In numerous occupational areas with a majority of women graduates, salaries already surpass salaries in occupational areas with a majority of men graduates. The idea that the majority of women are working the same types of jobs, and same amount of hours but still being paid much less than men is causing much concern. In recent history the gender gap is slowly decreasing. Young women are shrinking the education gay and earning degrees such as a masters degree and bachelors degree. In fact, women are earning more bachelor and masters degrees than men. In addition, women are also finding careers in law, business and medical schools. Women are starting to over come the limits of gender in the labor market. They are no longer settling for nurses, secretaries or salesclerks. Women are overcoming the great gender gap. Over the years studies have taken place in order to try and resolve this problem concerning the gender gap. According to the tables on pages thirty nine through forty the studies that presented show that women earn seventy seven percent of what men make during an average of fifteen years, but the studies which show the true incomes pay between the two different sexes shows us that the gap is much greater. Women are actually only making sixty two percent of what men are earning. The figure is summed up when the mens average earnings were at $49,068 and womens were far below the mens income at $ 29,507 for the fifteen year average

Sunday, July 28, 2019

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

English Literature - Essay Example Sensing the immediate death, Turnus begged Aeneas either to spare him or give his body to his people. Aenneas considered for a moment to spare him, but decided to kill Turnus in order to avenge Pallas's death. The importance of Turnus in Aeneid is that he is at the same level of strength, power, influence, and ambitions like that of the hero of this epic. Through him, Virgil embodied the character of a perfect villain who is capable of upsetting the hero and give him a tough time. The character of Hrothgr is represented in the epic poem of "Beowulf". This epic is related to the Anglo-Saxon times and the main characters in this epic are Hrothgar and Beowulf. This epic narrates the heroic deeds of Beowulf when he sets forth to kill Grendel and his mother. As an aging king, Hrothgar is worried about the devastations brought by Grendel and his mother and practically beseeches Beowulf to kill the monster. Though he has lost his youth courage and might, the salient characteristics he possesses are his wisdom, high standard of Christian codes and his keen desire to save his subjects. Though, in the beginning, we feel that the king is the prey of vanity when we find him building the huge hall, Herot. However, in the later stage, we realise that the king is after all a human being and his sincerity to serve his subjects and his wisdom and justice are more important to consider than the only flaw of vanity in his character. This is the main reason that t the people of Danish land love and respect him above everything. Another positive factor in his personality is that he does not hesitate to acknowledge the strength and bravery of Beowulf without any feeling of jealousy. Thus, when Beowulf succeeds in killing Grendel, he rewards Beowulf with every worldly reward conceivable. Thus, the character of Hrothgar in the epic poem "Beowulf" is a symbol of wisdom, sanity, and sincerity. He regards the welfare of his subjects very highly and when he finds them in danger, he calls for Beowulf to kill the monster. c. Briseis The character significance of Briseis lies in the fact that she proves to be the sole reason for Achilles to desert the Greek cause when they needed his support in the war against Trojans. It is the love of Briseis that forces Achilles not to take part in the war. Thus, the absence of Achilles from the battlefield brings ruinous effects for the Greeks and ultimately they are at the verge of total defeat. Thus, we see in the epic "Iliad" that even a minor character like Briseis can significantly impact the whole setting of the stage and thousands of people would be killed. The significance of Briseis in this poem thus can be viewed from the refusal of Achilles to take part in the war against Trojans and the consequent devastation of Greeks. The love of Achilles for Briseis is one of the most significant event that changed the course of war between Trojans and Greeks. d. Dido The character of Dido is brought to the reader in Book IV of "Iliad" by Virgil. Dido is the ruler of Carthage and a widow of Sychaeus. She has a resolution not to marry again, but when Aeneas arrives

Warfare about Product Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Warfare about Product Life Cycle - Essay Example Meaning and Concept of marketing Warfare The term ‘Warfare’ is often used within the marketing, which can also be reflected in the different crucial strategies of marketing. The literary meaning of Warfare is related with the strategies and tactics used by armed forces at the time of war for the purpose of getting victory over its enemies. The term warfare represents some of the crucial and aggressive strategies implied for the purpose of countering some crucial competition provided by the competitors and enemies at the time of war. In direction to this, the disposition of warfare can also be aligned with the marketing activities undertaken by the business organization (Roney 2004). The implication of different crucial Wartime strategies and tactics in the marketing for the purpose of countering some crucial and intensive competition provided by competitors is known as marketing warfare. Marketing Warfare includes different strategies and tactics implied by the originati on for the purpose of establishing compatibility within business and warfare. Moreover, it also opens a window for the effective application of different principles of military strategy in the business situations, so that an effective solution of intensive competition prevailing within the market place. As in contemporary scenario, the nature and disposition of business environment has been changed quite significantly. Due to heavy competition, market place have become a battle field in which, different competitors are fighting for saving their existence in this tough business environment (Orcullo 2008). In context to this, for the purpose of winning this battle, like war, business organizations are required to... This paper tresses that Product Life Cycle is one of the major concepts in the field of marketing, which will be quite helpful for the business organization in formulating some of the crucial strategic objective. In direction to this, the paper has shaded some of the crucial lights over marketing warfare regarding different stages of product development. On the basis of the in-depth review of different findings, it can be concluded that product life cycle of a product reveals different stage right from its introduction to its decline. In different stages there are different conditions and situations can be faced by the business organization. For the purpose of being successful within the existing market place, it becomes quire essential for the management of the organization to undertake some of the crucial strategic steps in the context of addressing different type of external environmental problems and issues. This report makes a conclusion that there is different warfare marketing strategies associated with the different stages of product life cycle. In relation to this, such different warfare allows the organization to have long term success and sustainability within existing market place. For a business organization it is quite essential to understand and elaborate such crucial strategic measures so that desired success can be attained in the most effective manner. Right selection of strategies at the right time of time is the key of success for the organization and above discussed warfare about PLC allows the organizations to do so effectively and efficiently.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Critical dairy entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical dairy entry - Essay Example From the initial scenario that was presented in the noted lecture, one was so engrossed on the potentials for applying psychology in promoting children’s and young people’s inclusion into social circles. Theoretical Framework Spurring Interest In the course of pursuing one’s academic program, an article written by Fallon, Woods and Rooney (2010) entitled â€Å"A discussion of the developing role of educational psychologists within Children’s Services† provided the impetus for spurring enthusiasm in this endeavor. The authors initially presented a brief historical background on the origin of the role of educational psychologists (EPs) in the public educational system in the United Kingdom. Likewise, various other researches on the role of EP as it evolved were mentioned; in conjunction with reportedly increased core functions and work contexts (Fallon, et al., 2010, p. 4). In addition, with increasing news and events that focus on disturbing violence and abuse afflicted on children (either directly or indirectly), there is a paramount concern for EPs to intensify applying psychological frameworks to immediately identify the need for intervention and to prevent serious repercussions that could lead to injuries or even death. Other readings that provided greater interest and understanding on the subject included the following: (1) Robinson & Dunsmuir’s (2010) â€Å"Multi-professional assessment and intervention of children with Special Educational Needs in their early years: The contribution of educational psychology† which was published in the Educational and Child Psychology focused on delving into ways in which EP’s â€Å"participation in multi-agency teams in Children’s Centres presents opportunities to extend involvement with young children and contribute to high quality assessment and intervention† (Robinson & Dunsmuir, 2010, p. 11); (2) Byrnes’ (2012) study which was published in t he Educational and Child Psychology, and entitled â€Å"Educational psychologists in the community: Supporting parents of children with Down syndrome through times of transition† presented concerns in â€Å"six subtasks, all of which had a focus on engaging with parents at times of transition: transition from education, transition between schools, development of a database, early years groups, youth groups, and parent forums† (Brynes, 2012, p. 82); and (3) Hobbs, et al. (2012) article entitled â€Å"The professional practice of educational psychologists: Developing narrative approaches† also published in the Educational & Child Psychology and presented pertinent issues relative to providing a â€Å"a brief overview of narrative therapy and then sets out to illustrate how narrative approaches have been applied by Darlington Educational Psychology Service (DEPS) using examples of work with individuals, groups and systems† (Hobbs, et al., 2012, p. 42). Throu gh the concepts, applications, cases, and scenarios learned from these studies, in conjunction with the theoretical framework appreciated in Cline and Frederickson’s (2009) Special Education Needs, Inclusion and Divesity, the subject enabled one to gain an in-depth understanding on the relevance of EP in addressing distinct and special needs of diverse children in varied scenarios and challenging cases. Issues Raised in the Lecture There were immensely relevant issues raised in the lecture categorized as follows: (1) multiple roles for applied psychologists; such as consultants, assessors, advisers,

Friday, July 26, 2019

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Article Review - Essay Example In his work, his aim is to keep readers entertained, but in his view to entertain, it is clear the author disregards the Populist Party. In the author’s argument on politics and money, the symbols he uses for representation are characterized. Dorothy symbolizes the medium of transport for the local currency; silver is the value of money, and she wears silver shoes, gold also represents the value of money, while green is neutral. The common farmer believed that the yellow brick road† which was the term used to represent gold would cause harm†, but in the real sense it was what was needed to solve all the problems experienced. The argument that populist use the power they have to their advantage shows, as he uses the wizard who takes on many forms, the wizard only agrees to help if there is something to return the favor. The populist showed people a side of them that they knew would be convincing; their true characters and intentions were hidden. The author Frank Baum was not a politician; he was a writer, and that is why he was well informed in the political settings. The article shows how some people are perceived, dumb and stupid. These people never get the chance give their own opinion. The scarecrow in the article represents this group of people. It is lifeless and without a brain, what people do not know is that the scarecrow has a brain. The article engages the addressees; the symbols used help one to understand why this article was reviewed. Each symbol used is relevant to what it represents. In the symbol of the wizard, it represents bad leaders as the article explain how the wizard transform’s, this clearly shows how bad leaders hide who they really are. The article does not explain in depth, how money and politics play a part in this article, it shows their symbols but does not really explain, how this relates with the common people who are the mice, in this article. The articles’ focus is mainly on the populist, it needs to cover all

Thursday, July 25, 2019

How has the study of media and communications developed over the last Essay - 2

How has the study of media and communications developed over the last century - Essay Example According Elisa et al (1), many disciplines have contributed to the study and development of media and communications as well. The first work to be discussed is that done by Karl Marx. His influences on this discipline were less assertive. Notwithstanding, the works were very important and well known in the analysis of media and communication (Atton 51). The theory of Marx is inclined to give a strong emphasis on how media and communication leads to situations of status quo among individuals (Elisa et al 1). This is opposed to many scholars who say that media’s role in the society is to encourage people communicating freely. The fundamental characteristic of the Marxist theory is his point of view on â€Å"materialism†, where Marx insists that social being is a great determinant of individual’s awareness. According to his opinion, ideological perspectives of others are not correct on their claim that the social status of individuals determines directly their consciousness and awareness. The researchers view ideology as power of specific system to denote its own meanings as experienced (Ivan 78). Marx’s position on ideology is that the media offers a great persuasion on the people of different groups to embrace capitalism as a natural aspect to them. Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of Marxism in 1920s and brought in a new idea of hegemony. Hegemony is a scenario where power relationship is received and regarded natural or seen as a common sense. Hegemony for example would include lifestyle programs that cover a range of areas of domestic life as well as personal lives of individuals. This could further include programs like childrearing, dog training, clothing, cooking, among others (Emke 57). Chomsky and Herman found out that media has a way of manipulating populations such that they are prevented from being rebellious. They did achieve this by manufacturing consents and controlling the audiences’

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Household understanding of Firewood logs as a renewable energy. Based Literature review

Household understanding of Firewood logs as a renewable energy. Based on the UK with a focus on Scotland - Literature review Example Production and use of wood fuel lead to the emission of carbon dioxide at different stages (Read et al 2009, pp 30-40). This is during harvesting, transportation and transportation of the wood fuel. The two are green house gases that have a green house effect to the earth. However, the same wood energy can be a source of renewable energy. Wood energy can be a source of renewable energy within the paradigm of specific conditions. The conditions include wood from the resources that are sufficiently sustainable, high calorific value and water content, gasification that cuts down on the level of emissions, and fiber content that allows the users to re-use or recycle the wood (Wilson & White 1986, pp20-40). Wood fuel has several environmental advantages that make it a choice over other fossil fuels. It is renewable and offers dependable supply (FAO 2010, pp 162). The amount of carbon dioxide emitted during the burning process is typically 90% less than when burning fossil fuels. Wood fuel contains minimal amounts of sculpture and heavy metals (McKay et al 2010, 1017-1027). The most notable part is the fact that is its particulate emissions, which are considerably controllable. Read, D.J, Freeer-Smith, P.H, Morison, J.I.L, Hanley, N., West,C.C. and Snowdon, P. 2009. Combating climate change- a role for UK forests. An assessment of the potential of the UKs trees and woodland to mitigate and adapt to climate

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Male Role Models in Childcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Male Role Models in Childcare - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that it is expected by the modern society that men will start having a larger role to play in the upbringing of child care and child care.   It is very common nowadays to see the father playing an active role in the upbringing of the child, and in some cases, the father names the major role in child care and upbringing.   Thus it is evident that the reversal of roles is now a reality in a number of households. However, in the scenario of child care centers and professional childcare management, it has been seen that the role of female professionals is much more dominant than their male counterparts. The United Kingdom’s green paper named ‘Meeting the Childcare Challenge’ was published in 1998 and it emphasized the need for more and more major workers in child care management and the prevailing status of child care workers in the child care industry of the UK.   It is often assumed that child care management is a fe male profession predominantly, and there is a strong mindset among a number of people in the UK as well as Europe which prefers a female childcare workforce rather than a male child care workforce.   One of the primary reasons why male child care professionals should be encouraged to work and contribute to this industry is that the male professionals can automatically serve as role models for young boys, especially the boys belonging to those families where the father is not present.

Structuralistic Criticism and Gerard Genette Essay Example for Free

Structuralistic Criticism and Gerard Genette Essay Gerard Genette writes at the outset in his essay ‘Structuralism and Literary Criticism’ that methods developed for the study of one discipline could be satisfactorily applied to the study of other discipline as well. This is what he calls â€Å"intellectual bricolage ’, borrowing a term from Claude Levi-Strauss. This is precisely so, so far as structuralism is concerned. Structuralism is the name given to Saussure’s approach to language as a system of relationship. But it is applied also to the study of philosophy, literature and other sciences of humanity. Structuralism as a method is peculiarly imitable to literary criticism which is a discourse upon a discourse . Literary criticism in that it is meta-linguistic in character and comes into being / existence as metaliterature. In his words: â€Å"it can therefore be metaliterature, that is to say, ‘a literature of which literature is the imposed object’. † That is, it is literature written to explain literature and language used in it to explain the role of language in literature. In Genette’s words, ‘if the writer questions the universe, the critic questions literature, that is to say, the universe of signs. But what was a sign for the writer (the work) becomes meaning for the critic (since it is the object of the critical discourse), and in another way what was meaning for the writer (his view of the world) becomes a sign for the critic, as the theme and symbol of a certain literary nature’. Now this being so, there is certain room for reader’s interpretation. Levi-Strauss is quite right when he says that the critic always puts something of himself into the works he read. The Structuralist method of criticism: Literature, being primarily a work of language, and structuralism in its part, being preeminently a linguistic method, the most probable encounter should obviously take place on the terrain of linguistic material. Sound, forms, words and sentences constitute the common object of the linguist and the philologist to much an extent that it was possible, in the early Russian Formalist movement, to define literature as a mere dialect, and to envisage its study as an annex of general dialectology. Traditional criticism regards criticism as a message without code; Russian Formalism regards literature as code without message. Structuralism by structural analysis makes it possible to uncover the connection that exists between a system of forms and a system of meanings, by replacing the search for term by term analysis with one for over all homologies (likeness, similarity)†. Meaning is yielded by the structural relationship within a given work. It is not introduced from outside. Genette believed that the structural study of ‘poetic language’ and of the forms of literary expression cannot reject the analysis of the relations between code and message. The ambition of structuralism is not confined to counting feet and to observe the repetition of phonemes: it must also study semantic (word meaning) phenomena which constitute the essence of poetic language. It is in this reference that Genette writes: â€Å"one of the newest and most fruitful directions that are now opening up for literary research ought to be the structural study of the ‘large unities’ of discourse, beyond the framework – which linguistics in the strict sense cannot cross – of the sentence. One would thus study systems from a much higher level of generality, such as narrative, description and the other major forms of literary expression. There would be linguistics of discourse that was a translinguistics. Genette empathetically defines Structuralism as a method is based on the study of structures wherever they occur. He further adds, â€Å"But to begin with, structures are not directly encountered objects – far from it; they are systems of latent relations, conceived rather than perceived, which analysis constructs as it uncovers them, and which it runs the risk of inventing while believing that it is discovering them. Furthermore, structuralism is not a method; it is also what Ernst Cassirer calls a ‘general tendency of thought’ or as others would say (more crudely) an ideology, the prejudice of which is precisely to value structures at the expense of substances. Genette is of the view that any analysis that confines itself to a work without considering its sources or motives would be implicitly structuralist, and the structural method ought to intervene in order to give this immanent study a sort of rationality of understanding that would replace the rationality of explanation abandoned with the search of causes. Unlike Russian Formalist, Structuralists like Genette gave importance to thematic study also. â€Å"Thematic analysis†, writes Genette, â€Å"would tend spontaneously to culminate and to be tested in a structural synthesis in which the different themes are grouped in networks, in order to extract their full meaning from their place and function in the system of the work. † Thus, structuralism would appear to be a refuge for all immanent criticism against the danger of fragmentation that threatens thematic analysis. Genette believes that structural criticism is untainted by any of the transcendent reductions of psychoanalysis or Marxist explanation. He further writes, â€Å"It exerts, in its own way, a sort of internal reduction, traversing the substance of the work in order to reach its bone-structure: certainly not a superficial examination, but a sort of radioscopic penetration, and all the more external in that it is more penetrating. † Genette observes relationship between structuralism and hermeneutics also. He writes: â€Å"thus the relation that binds structuralism and hermeneutics together might not be one of mechanical separation and exclusion, but of complementarity: on the subject of the same work, hermeneutic criticism might speak the language of the assumption of meaning and of internal recreation, and structural criticism that of distant speech and intelligible reconstruction. † They would, thus, bring out complementary significations, and their dialogue would be all the more fruitful. Thus to conclude we may say, the structuralist idea is to follow literature in its overall evolution, while making synchronic cuts at various stages and comparing the tables one with another. Literary evolution then appears in all its richness, which derives from the fact that the system survives while constantly altering. In this sense literary history becomes the history of a system: it is the evolution of the functions that is significant, not that of the elements, and knowledge of the synchronic relations necessarily precedes that of the processes.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Exclusionary Rule Essay Example for Free

Exclusionary Rule Essay The exclusionary rule is a legal procedure in the United States, which falls under the constitution. It protects citizens of the country in making sure that law enforcement officers are operating lawfully and that they abide by all search and seizure laws. It goes so far to protect the citizens of The United States that if a law enforcement officer illegally obtains evidence it can and most likely will be thrown out of the court. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the exclusionary rule, exploring its fallacies and importance while also including the history and evolution of the controversial exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule is a very important legal principle in the United States and is crucial to keeping law enforcement and the judicial system in a fair balance with accordance to the United States Constitution. The exclusionary rule was never even thought about or existed until the early 20th century. Samaha (2012) states that before the exclusionary rule ever existed the only remedy for constitutional violations involving the exclusionary rule were private lawsuits. The framers of the constitution had it in their mind that judges would just handle each case as they see fitting to the nature of the situation. However this seemed not to work for quite  some time as there was a police misunderstanding of the 4th and 5th amendments figuratively speaking. It wasnt until 1914 when citizens of the United States began to receive their liberty back piece by piece. In the case of _Weeks v U.S.,_ federal officials raided his house in order to obtain evidence in a gambling case against Freemont Weeks. They had no warrant and no right to be in his house to seize any  of his possessions. So Freemont appealed and he won, in a way. The Supreme Court ruled to give back his belongings. They did not return contraband and this rule only applied to the federal law enforcement. Which is why this is the first hint of a trend towards a prominent and well known exclusionary rule. There was many Judges and government officials who still refused to side with Justice Edward White in the case of Freemont Weeks. For example, in the case of _People v. Defore_ Judge Cardozo mad his opinion very well-known and famous. According to Kamisar (2003) in the _People v. Defore_ case Judge Cardozo boasts his opinion very loudly and clearly stating that he would not adopt the exclusionary rule within New York. Kamisar (2003) then goes on to quote Judge Cardozo: excluding illegally seized evidence was not the only effective way to enforce the Fourth Amendment. Cardozo was not the last Judge or Justice to disagree with the new trend. The next case to disagree with Cardozo and many other opposing Judges would have to be _Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S._ (1920). Justice Department officers and a U.S. Marshall entered the lumber companys office and illegally obtained all of the companys documents. They then went on to make photo copies and subpoenaed the Silverthornes. When they refused to follow court orders they were taken into custody for contempt of court. Samaha (2012) states that According to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the governments search and seizure was an outrage'. This case expanded the exclusionary rule introducing the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine. This doctrine bans the use of evidence indirectly based on an illegal government  action. Even after multiple court cases ruled in favor of the exclusionary many state legislatures still were not in agreement with the [exclusionary] rule. Some legislatures found ways around the fourth amendment. In the case of _Coolidge v. New Hampshire_ New Hampshires legislature was challenged on their warrant issuing practices. According to Lynch (2000) New Hampshire law was very controversial in the manner of how warrants were issued. The warrant-issuing power was vested in the Justice of the Peace. Now judges must issue warrants; but in the past it was very prominent for Justices of the Peace to fulfill this duty. In New Hampshire they vested the Justice of the Peace within the executive branch of the government. In other words, according to Lynch (2000) the police officers had subverted the Fourth Amendment by issuing search warrants to themselves. The Supreme Court ruled that New Hampshires practices were unconstitutional because the executive branch was issuing warrants to themselves. This practice was very opposing to the idea of checks and balances. This court case was a very historical one in which ruled in application with the separation of powers doctrine. It also further supported the exclusionary rule. One of the biggest cases in the history of the United States and the biggest turning point for the exclusionary rule was in the case of _Mapp v. Ohio._ In this case officers forcibly entered Miss Mapps home without a search warrant or consent and provided a false warrant. Before this case not all states adopted the exclusionary rule. In the dissent by Harlan, Frankfurter, and Whittaker (1961) they stated that the _Weeks_ exclusionary rule should also be enforced against the states. Lafave (2009) also touches on the case quoting the courts statements: [A]ll evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court. Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) make an extremely valid  and important point; stressing that the exclusionary rule is constitutionally required because it was the only effective available way to enforce the constitutional guaranty. This case is so historically significant because of this ru ling. Finally, nearly 50 years after the _Weeks_ case, the exclusionary rule applied to all states. Even though the rule applied to all states we still did not have every aspect of the rule covered. The Knock and Announce rule was always under controversy as to if the exclusionary rule was applicable in such situations. It wasnt until _Hudson v. Michigan_ when the courts clarified the issue. The police had a warrant to enter _Hudsons_ home and when they knocked and announced their presence they waited a mere three to five seconds before entering the premise. Hudson appealed stating his fourth amendment rights were violated because the officers did not follow Knock and Announce procedures. His evidence was suppressed, but later the appeal was reversed by Michigan Court of Appeals. According to Justice Scalia the waiting period of the officers had no connection to the discovery of the illegal drugs and weapons. Because of this case the Knock and Announce Rule was clarified by stating that the rule did not have any interest in preventing the government from taking evidence described in a warrant. Tomkovicz (2008) believes that this case was intended to further the restrictions on the exclusionary rule. I have to agree with Tomkovicz in this statement. Gittins (2007) also makes a valid argument in concerning the argument. He [Gittins] states that during the night hours residents will have a longer period of time in which they will be able to open the door. However the courts have found that very short periods of time (five seconds) can be reasonable wait times. Courts are still in the process of clarifying the exclusionary rule; although _Hudson v. Michigan_ added some amount of clarity to the issue. Lastly, and the most recent court case concerning the exclusionary rule is _Herring v. U.S._ in which a recalled arrest warrant was executed  accidently. The Coffee County Sheriffs Department were executing a warrant in which the county clerk found to be accurate. Upon arrest they soon learned the warrant was recalled some five months ago. Herring moved to suppress the evidence on the motion that his warrant was rescinded. Josephson (2009) states that the courts generally exclude the exclusionary rule when there are negligent errors amongst recordkeeping. The court denied Herrings motion for suppression because of the Good Faith Clause established in _U.S. v. Leon._ This is a significant case because of how it furthered the interpretation of the exclusionary rule. Josephson (2009) explains how this case interpreted the exclusionary rules main goal which is the deterrence of unconstitutional police conduct. Therefore by the police unknowingly executing what they thought to be an accurate warrant left the evidence applicable in courts. The exclusionary rule is intended to keep law enforcement and federal officials in check with the constitution. But often there is the controversial topic of whether or not the framers of the constitution intended for such a rule. The framers never had any motion to include an exclusionary rule into the fourth amendment. However, Geller (1975) makes an excellent observation stating that the framers didnt provide any remedies for a violation of the fourth amendment. Which brings me to my next topic of the controversy. Because the framers left no remedies for violations of the fourth amendment, the courts were left to create the exclusionary rule to deter law enforcement from violating citizens rights. Many argue  that this does not effectively deter officers. Geller (1975) argues that there is no significant evidence to support such claims. Geller (1975) also comments on alternatives declaring that Until data [is] available concerning the effect of these alternatives, it is impossible to state with any degree of certainty that these alternatives are either more effective or less effective than the exclusionary rule. The last major issue I found in Gellers (1975) journal came from a group called Americans for Effective Law Enforcement (AELE). They seem to believe the exclusionary rule is no longer necessary due to the high degree of police professionalism. AELE believe police violations are unintentional and because of their high degree of professionalism they act in Good Faith. Therefore petty mistakes allow evidence to be excluded and free criminals. Until there is a significant study that entails multiple well rounded solutions to the exclusionary rule; I do not see any possible alternatives. The exclusionary rule was created almost one hundred years ago. The rule will continue to be reformed and transformed as time goes on. Although there may be a substantial argument pertaining to the issue, we need the exclusionary rule. Undoubtedly the rule has an abundance of justifications compared to its fallacies. It was stated loud and clear by the framers some two hundred years ago what rights we as American people possess. The exclusionary rule is a major backbone of the judicial system of our country, it maintains the system of checks and balances keeping the American peoples rights prevalent and intact. The exclusionary rule is in working order, being reformed every day to protect our civil liberty and keep the integrity of our constitution set out by our own framers. Bibliography Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) Opting for a legislative alternative to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. UMKC Law Review. 78, 949. Gittins, J. (2007). Excluding the exclusionary rule. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2007, 451-481. Josephson, M. (2009). To exclude or not to exclude: The future of the exclusionary rule after Herring v. United States. Creighton Law Review, 43, 175-203. Kamisar, Y. (2003). In defense of the search and seizure exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 26(1), 119. Lafave, W. (2009). Recent developments: The smell of Herring: A critique of the Supreme Courts latest assault on the exclusionary rule. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 99(3), 757-787. Lynch, T. (2000). In defense of the exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 23(3), 711. Samaha, J. (2012). Criminal procedure (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Tomkovicz, J. (2008). Hudson v. Michigan and the Future of Fourth Amendment Exclusion Iowa Law Review, 93. Retrieved October 29, 2013, from http://www.law.uiowa.edu/documents/ilr/to Bibliography Geller W. ,Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule and Its Alternatives, 1975 Wash. U. L. Q. 621 (1975).

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Development of Cooking Methods and Techniques

Development of Cooking Methods and Techniques Introduction The revolution of cooking has evolved massively so has the methods of cooking too .Cooking has been practiced since ages. Earlier the ancient man ate only raw food, once accidently a piece of meat fell into the fire and it got roasted. The man ate the piece and liked it. Thus the process of cooking began and started evolving. Cooking food is important because it makes the food easy to digest, cooking improves the appearances flavor colour texture and taste of food, it also adds variety to the meal, cooking helps the food to stay longer and last and the most important is cooking makes the food safe. (Home science , 2014) Cooking also involves knowledge of ingredients as well as equipment, the skills and techniques also ability to plan and organize food preparation within time constraints. Not to forget the classic methods of cooking are far better as well as healthier as compare to new methods like microwave. (Home science , 2014) Cooking techniques There are some food items which have lots of moisture in them like vegetables which are leafy like spinach and fenugreek. These items are cooked using technique that makes use of this moisture. But food items like rice, wheat and pulses are comparatively low in moisture content therefore these ingredients are cooked by adding extra water(moisture). There are also methods where no water is involved in the process of cooking; in fact these methods help the food to remain crisp on completion. Therefore the methods of cooking are classified into the following: (Nestle professional nutrinal, 2014) Cooking by moist heat: The method includes boiling, simmering/stewing, steaming pressure cooker, poaching and microwave cooking. Cooking by dry heat: This method includes baking, roasting and grilling. Cooking by frying in oil or ghee: Includes methods like deep frying, shallow frying or pan fried and stir frying. (Nestle professional nutrinal, 2014) Boiling: It is the method in which the food is cooked in sufficient quantity of water. For example potatoes, hard vegetables like cauliflower, carrots broccoli and more, eggs, rice and pulses. Vegetables such as green peas and green beans are boiled by additional of small quantity of water whereas while cooking rice and other pulses large amount of water is needed to cook. This is because vegetables already contain higher water content. There are some important points which shall be kept in mind while boiling which are firstly boil the water and then put the food secondly the water should cover the food fully. Do not over boil food longer than needed and once it is tender and soft take it off from the fire as if the food for too long it loses its shape and colour. Lastly overcooking also destroys its nutritive value. (The daily meal, 2014) Simmering/Stewing: Stewing is a method where the food is cooked in small quantity while a small amount of water is kept below boiling point for a long time. After boiling starts the flame is simmered and the food is allowed to cook slowly. When it is cooked it is served together with the liquid. The advantage of this cooking technique is that the juices of the food are retained as well as the food tastes good. (The daily meal, 2014) Steaming: It is the process where the food is cooked with the heat generated from water vapours. It also shortens the time of cooking and also helps to conserve the nutritive value, colour, flavor and palatability of food. Steamed food is also light and easy to digest. These types of food are especially good for people who are weak or sick and also good for elders and young children. (The daily meal, 2014) Pressure cooking: the process of cooking in a special type of utensil which permits cooking with lots of steam under a certain pressure. These cookers are made of steel or with a mixture of aluminium and other metals and can bear high pressure. The steam which is produced is confined inside the cooker thus increasing the pressure and temperature more than 100 degree Celsius. All kinds of pulses, rice, and meat are cooked well under pressure cooker in shortest possible time. Advantages of this type of cooking are that it kills all types of bacteria and hence the food is safe to eat. Fastest method of cooking almost one third time compare to boiling. It also saves gas. It is important to immerse food in water while preparing and this reduce the loss of soluble vitamins as well as minerals. (The daily meal, 2014) Poaching: It is also a type of moist heat cooking method which involves cooking by submerging in a liquid like water, stock, wine and more. It is differentiated from other methods like boiling and simmers as the temperature is relatively low which makes particularly suitable for food like fish and eggs. (Nestle professional nutrinal, 2014) Microwave cooking: Cooking with electromagnet waves, either with or without addition of liquid. The food can be browned and also can be given crustiness only if it combined with dry heat method such as grilling. Basically microwave is used for reheat the food. (Nestle professional nutrinal, 2014) Baking: The method in which the food is prepared by assigning it inside a heated closed box called an oven. The air inside the oven get hot due to the fire which is lit at its base or with electricity and the food gets prepared with the hot air when placed inside the oven. The food which is cooked using this type of method adds variety to the plate. (Home science , 2014) Roasting: One more method of cooking food with the help of dry heat is roasting. While roasting the food is put directly on a griddle and cooked. Vegetables like potatoes, eggplants are roasted so as grains like maze and chickpeas. The food is tastier when prepared by this method. It also adds a change to the meal. (The daily meal, 2014) Grilling: A method of cooking over glowing fire and more uses of indirect heat and is slower compare to roasting. The food is held on an iron grid over the fire. The grids are brushed with oil to avoid sticking and can be heated by charcoal, gas or even electricity nowadays. The food which is prepared gives a distinctive flavor. (The daily meal, 2014) Deep frying: It is a method where the food is completely submerged in hot fat like oil. It is usually prepared in deep fryer industrially. It is classified into dry cooking as there is no water used also the time taken in cooking this method is also quick. Shallow frying: In shallow frying the food is not completely submerged but only a part of it is submerged in fats like oil/butter. The advantage of shallow frying is that the food life stays longer compare to deep frying. How food cooks Rapid movement of molecules heats the food. The movement is so fast that their temperature rises. There is three ways to cook the food Conduction Convection Radiation Conduction-is when the food is in direct contact of the heat source. Cooking in a pan is conduction process. Heat is transferred from burner to the pan, and then it is passing to the food. First the surface of the food becomes hot then the interior. Heat passes from the center by moisture and fats. Convection- is the process in which the heat is carried to the food by some source like air, water etc. Cooking food in the oven is convection cooking. Gas grills are the perfect example of convection cooking. A convection oven has a fan that flows the heat in the oven. The moving heat cooks the food more rapidly than the still heat. Convection method of cooking cooks the food 25%to 30% faster. Radiation-is the process in which the food is cooked by the energy transformed by waves of heat. For e.g. put a food on a hanger and hold it to the side of the fire, the food will be cooked using radiation process. The charcoal grills works with radiation cooking. Excitation-is microwave cooking. Microwave pierces the food and beats the molecules inside the food and makes it warm without heating the air around it. Induction-stove tops works under induction cooking method. Induction cooktops or cooking vessels must be made of cast iron or stainless steel. The element electronic charges the coil that produces high frequency electromagnetic field. The field vibrates the bottom of the vessel and sets up a circulating current that generates heat. The heat then transferred to food. The main benefit of induction is that, it provides faster and consistent heating than other methods. The induction automatically shuts down if there is no container. It is easy to clean because of flat cooking surface.it is more energy efficient than other flame burners as it allows instant control of cooking powers. Other methods of cooking that uses flame have higher loss to ambient whereas induction directly heats the pot. Advanced cooking methods Cooking is the procedure of changing the chemistry of food by transferring energy to the food to make it safe and eatable and to get the desired flavor, texture and nutrition. Culinary equipment’s and implements have travelled a long way from ancient times when the only medium to cook is open fire to the modern methods of cooking. Ovens were among the first advance brought by civilization. Early oven were designed to trap the heat in the walls of oven.in 20th century, inventors had developed gas and electric ovens that allow far greater control of heat. Yet, for all the modern features on today’s oven- broilers, forced convection, self-cleaning cycles etc. they still work on the principle of controlling heat. Another important aspect of cooking is humidity. The ability to manipulate moisture, both outside the food as well as inside, is the defining difference that set modern oven technology apart from earlier methods. Water-vapor ovens and combi ovens control the water content of the heated air; microwaves exploit the moisture content of the food to heat it. They both are the perfect examples of modern approaches of the history’s most ancient tools. When people are busy making jams and chutneys one London based chef is busy in making soups and stews in the glass jars. Chef Vincent dury has developed a new cooking method known as heat preserving method. Using this method beef stew can be cooked in a jar inside a water-filled, hermitically sealed pressure cooker. It is somewhat similar to ‘appertisation’ i.e., a method of treating vegetables that leads to canning. The term derives from Nicolas Appert, who invented the first process for using heat to sterilize food. One such technique which is becoming famous is pit baking.it is one of the oldest cooking methods but it is becoming famous because of its modification .an earth oven is created by digging hole in the ground and slow cooking is done by heating stones in the fire. People also start cooking using ash; the perfect example of ash cooking is the â€Å"ash baked vegetables† served in the restaurants like The Ledbury and The Roganic in London. In this technique â€Å"the vegetables are first cooked on a barbecue for 4 to 5 hours then the ash from the celeriac skin is used and blended with salt and sugar to make it a sprinkling dust, which is used as a seasoning†.it is one of the oldest method that is now becoming popular due to its modification . There are different methods in different countries which are not becoming so popular but they need to for example there is the different method to cook egg in Jewish kitchen in which the eggs are cooked on a very low heat with onion skins and coffee grounds for several hours, then gently tapped to create a beautiful marbling effect. It is called Sephardic cooking but it is limited to only Jewish kitchen only. The scientific method of cooking Have anyone wondered why grilling meat taste good and broccoli that goes along with the meat will go dull if it not shocked well. Chemistry piles itself into the many ways you can cook food and each of these methods work in a different way and affect the tastes of the vast display of food that we create and consume. Maillard reaction-It is a chemical reaction between amino acids and sugars that helps to give browned foods the accurate flavor and color. It is discovered by Louis Camille Maillard a French Physician. Meats (such as steak and roasts), vegetables, chocolate and potatoes are the example of foods that goes through this reaction. In these types of food, the reaction begins with a carbohydrate molecule and an amino acid. These two molecules create an unbalanced midway particle which changes till the brown color and desired flavor have been reached. This happens because during the reaction elements, such as nitrogen and sulfur, are added to the mixture of mostly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Brining-This method is somewhat similar to marinating.in this chicken or meat is soaked in brine before cooking. This method was first used in Scandinavian cuisine.in this method the meat is soaked in brine for some time (depends upon the thickness of meat) and then cooked, it gives juicier dish. Brine is a mixture of salt and water. When the meat is put in brine the proteins are dissolved in it and interacts with salt which results in the capacity of muscle cells to hold more water. After the brining process the meat is seared in the frying pan and cooked in the oven. The meat was juicer and pinker and saltier than the rest. Modern cooking methods As the food advances its method also advances. Everybody wants a less time consuming methods and wants more healthier and flavorful food.so there are many modern cooking methods invented that provides the same thing. Sous Vide Cooker-In this food is sealed in the zip lock bag, set the temperature, and put the bag in the water and the timer. The food not gonna lose it nutrients, flavors in the bag. It is similar to poaching; the main difference is that in this the food is kept in plastic bag to keep the nutrients and flavors. The main advantage of using this method is that in this method the food can’t be overcooked because if the food is placed in the water, the temperature is set then the food can’t be cooked more than the set temperature .whereas if the food is cooked using roasting or grilling there is a chance of over-cooking or under-cooking of food. This method is important from culinary point of view as it allows the food to store; sealed and refrigerated which is important for catering industry. This method is used by famous chef like Heston Blumenthal, Paul Bocuse, Thomas Keller and many other famous chefs. This method is also used in train Acela express for serving meals on the trains. This method was developed in mid 70s by Georges Pralus for keeping the fat in foie gras but it was not that popular or successful at that time.it again came into existence when a French scientist, Bruno Goussault modified it with different flavor profiles for the French railway company. French railway wanted a method in which the food can be cooked easily and evenly without getting it overcooked. Air fryer- it is an equipment to cook the food without oil .it uses hot air to cook the food rather than using the oil.it circulates air up to 200c around the food which results in giving them nice brown crust with 80 per cent less fat.it shaped like rice cooker which consists of a removable tray.it can cook the food in 12 minutes.it provides the healthier food with nice brown and crispy finish. Critical analysis Food has evolved rapidly over the last few centuries that what chefs use to prepare has also changed. Earlier chefs used to serve huge portions nowadays chefs are preparing bite size food. So by time chefs are changing the methods of cooking dishes also which are health beneficial as well as the consumption of resources are also low. People have shifted to microwave cooking rather than bakery as the bakery products contents huge amount of fat in them. The chefs are also using sous vide to cook products like vegetables and meat which require no fuel to cook. They cook the items with the help of electricity. Similarly with air fryer the products which are cooked are 90 percent fatless compare to products which are fried in a deep fryer or shallow fried. The consumption of steam products are more consumed as they are health friendly. Even in big restaurants and in industries chefs are more emphasis on these types of cooking. There are many restaurants which also practice molecular gastr onomy cooking in which chefs are trained to use chemicals like lecite and more to cook. Therefore the methods of cooking as we saw are drastically changing as in earlier centuries the mode of cooking was only with the contact with fire. Later on our ancestors practiced and started cooking with the help of water which became methods like boiling and poaching. And nowadays chefs are shifting more towards electric cooking as it is more health friendly. Scientists are also working with today’s chefs in preparation of a capsule which will help the astronauts to live in the outer planets. The capsule will provide them with the same amount of nutrients as well as taste the same which a normal food will contain. These capsules will be available by 2020 in every store. Hence to conclude we would like to say that without the help of earlier methods of cooking the new methods of cooking would not come. Conclusion Through the following project we can conclude that there are many other techniques in which food can be prepared for example like Air fryer where the mode of cooking is the same but with a very little fat which is good for the body with no impact on taste. Less use of fat means less fat in the body which is good. People are making more these types of machines as they are more accepted in today’s generation because people are turning more health conscious. People are also working with a new method known as capsule cooking.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Society’s Treatment of Women Revealed in The Yellow Wallpaper

Society’s Treatment of Women Revealed in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman had problems. Most of those problems resulted from her nervous condition that was previously termed â€Å"melancholia.† She did not give in – Gilman was a fighter. Instead of bowing to the disease, she wrote â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† a story intended to help other women suffering from a similar fate. Although this explanation reveals why Gilman wrote the book, it does not reveal the true intention of the story. This is not merely the tale of an insane woman. The narrator’s insanity is a symbol for Gilman’s commentary on the evils of social conformity with relevance to the role of women in society. The narrator comes to realize the inhumanity in society’s treatment of women, and, as a result of her awakening, she cannot help but visualize her own torment brought on by the old yellow wallpaper that hangs around her, a faded cage. The narrator’s name is left a mystery in order to give her u niversal appeal. The narrator could be and is every wife, every mother, every daughter, every woman. Gilman uses imagery and literary devices to convey her moral of the mistreatment of women in the 19th century.      The first striking image that readers of "The Yellow Wallpaper" are presented with is not that of a room, it is not of the house, but of the character of John, the husband. John is described as a man of a "practical and ext... ...21-530. King, Jeanette, and Pam Morris. "On Not Reading Between the Lines: Models of Reading in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (Winter 1989): 23-32. Knight, Denise D. "The Reincarnation of Jane: 'Through This' - Gilman's Companion to 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Women's Studies 20 (1992): 287-302. Rigney, Barbara Hill. Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist Novel: Studies in Bronte, Woolf, Lessing, and Atwood. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Russell, Denise. Women, Madness and Medicine. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1995. Showalter, Elaine. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.   

Ecstasy and the Youth :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rave as a Post- Modern Phenomena is continuing to increase is size. Every year more teenagers discover the potential of this way to have fun. They suddenly feel part of something, which they enjoy. However, the rave phenomena primarily depended of taking the drugs. Unfortunately, like any other culture, or cult hippies is self-stupefying. This means that the ignorance of the Ravers maintains as the existence of Raves. Those who become part of such drug taking culture, the problem often intensified, due to the lack of sport with in the raving community, who are still having too much fun. This is made worse because, there is also a lack of support in the community for the victims of recreational drug abuse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rave culture is highly attractive to the youth audience in general, regardless of class or ethnic background. Raves are non-elitist, and are primarily for the working class. This makes Raves quit different from all other postmodern sub-cultures. The legalization of a Rave has not prevented the illegal taking of the drugs. This means that there are a lot of young people indulging in Rave culture and recreational drug taking every weekend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rave has provided an environment where drugs like ecstasy are socially acceptable. Rave like other cult is self-stupefying and refuses to question the taking of the drugs affecting its continual and successful existence. â€Å"Recreational drug users often see only benefits only from drug use and at this stage will have control over the drug taking, despite using drug on regular basis. However recreational drug use does not mean problem free drug use. For this reason it is vital to raise awareness about some of the known effects of the drug use. Both within the raving community and the general public, after all the young Ravers of today a whole generation, who will ultimately affect the future of the country?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many young people feel Ecstasy allows them to stay in control unlike alcohol. In an article by Sheila Henderson she particularly emphasis’s the attraction of Ecstasy and the E-culture for young women. She suggests that women felt that being in an environment where every one was on Ecstasy, rather than say alcohol, freed from unwanted sexual attention from men. She state, â€Å"Instead of being tied to a boyfriend, having to stick close to friends, feeling self-conscious about appearance or dace style or intimidated by attention from men, the young women occupied this social space with confidence, circulating and meeting new people independently.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Communication Breakdown Essay -- Communication

Ever wonder why a message that seems clear to us is not comprehended by someone else the way we think it should be. How can something we think is stated so clearly become misunderstood that the person we are stating the message to becomes confused? Let’s examine the definition of the word communication. Defined by the freedictionary.com, communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Merriam-Webster, defines communication as an act or instance of transmitting and, an exchange of information. Simply stated we are sending a message to the person who is receiving it. The idea we want to send should be clear to the person who is receiving the message, but that is not always the case. There are several factors that can breakdown a message in the communication process. Communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication . A transactive model suggests we send and receive messages concurrently. If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of the communication, the message will be destroyed. There seems to be an interesting and sometimes disastrous disconnection between what is said, what is heard, and what happens next. No matter how much detail is given, there is always space for individual interpretation. Think of how many times a teacher can give instructions in a classroom only to discover not everyone did the assignment on time and correctly. The way people interpret situations or sets of facts depends on their personalities, background, experiences, values, attitudes, motives, assumptions, and expectations of each individual. Each individual brings to the situation a diff... ... 2011 www.web-authoring.com Communication Strategies, Power-Ed Solutions, Inc, Carol Dickson-Carr Glenn Standly, Selecting a Topic, Feb 12, 2011 Words Mean Different Things to People, Communication Resource Center, Bacal and Association, work911.com Denise4wm, How to Talk So People Will Listen, ehow.com Glenn Standly, Report or Business Activity, Feb 24,2011 Getting Understood Skills, Communication Resource Center, Bacal and Association, work911.com Denise4wm, How to Talk So People Will Listen, ehow.com Glenn Standly, Class Rules, Procedures and Suggestions, Jan 13,2011 Donnell King, Four Principals of Interpersonal Communication, pstcc.edu, 2009 Kendra Cherry, Top 10 Non-Verbal Communication Tips, Psychology about.com Delia Thompson, Body Language and Communication, SelfGrowth.com Glen Stanley, Selecting Your Topic, Feb 12, 2011

Thursday, July 18, 2019

What Is Sucess?

We, mostly referring to those, especially the young who have treaded the path filled with enigma and decisions to be made must eventually come to a halt, where the paths to success and failure lie. The fruits of success lay right before our eyes but yet out of reach. However, the devastation of failure seems so far away but is no further than a stone’s throw away. And what is success? Many of us, mainly those who are working see success as having great wealth and power, however, some see success in different ways.For example, some see having a good relationship with someone as success, some see success in helping the needy, some see success as being happy, and some even see it in having time to enjoy the little things. Considering the fact that I’m still a teenager and have not any plans for building up a family, success in my eyes is obtaining a relatively good status in society. It is better in my view to aim high initially because we will not be able to return to the past with our mea culpa. The road to success is like a busy highway, if you stop suddenly, you might get involved in an accident.Just like our lives, everything is fast paced and many of us find it painfully difficult to adapt to this kind of life. Some are not audacious enough to attempt and therefore discouraged by the stress and adversity that is to be faced in the future. Besides that, many of us happen to be victims of indolence and having the ‘Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ personality. Our unwilling and pious actions constantly draw us away from our goals. Think of our lives as a game of soccer, only without the goal posts.We would be like dogs without a leash, and sheep without a Sheppard, wandering aimlessly with no purpose at all. Now a game of soccer with the goal posts, on reflection to our lives, we set goals easily just as a soccer player sees the goal posts, but it requires lots of effort and discipline to score a goal as well as to succeed. Everything has pros and cons but not success, success is a like a rose without thorns, nothing but pure delight. In other words, success is the sobriquet for overcoming obstacles and to ameliorate an individual’s all in all performance. How then do we achieve success?There are many ways we can obtain it, and one of the ways is by giving a concentrated focus on an action we are working on. Concentration can give us an advantage in magnifying our efficiency on something that usually only produces a limited amount of result to a more augmented one. Take for an example, a student who gives a full concentration in class can well understand and absorb what is being taught than one who gives less concentration and understands less. Focused concentration on a field where we are naturally talented will also give us a head start that can gradually lead us to achieve success.A talent that we know can be practiced on and can be improved should be used to grant us opportunities that can be beneficial an d rewarding, well begun is half done, bringing us a step closer to our goals. Parents should understand and know what are their children talents are so that they could start at an early age to work on it and use them to good use and plan their way to success. As said by Winston Churchill â€Å"Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm. † We should learn through our failures to obtain an experience that will lead us to success.There is a very small chance that anyone of us can get something or to do something at the first try and get it right without failure. What about the disappointments? Failing is not always the villainy of our improvidence much can be learned from failure. By failing, we will train ourselves to work harder and execute things correctly the next time we try. Success is obtained through failure too! For example, as an athlete, winning a competition is not an easy task as there are many others who also compete, thus if failu re occurs, he or she should learn from their mistakes and get the proper techniques to perform better.Learning through failures also enables us to identify the failures and makes them easily detected by us. This will save us precious time to complete a task and move on to the next one without ingeminating a mistake and with progression, we will succeed in it. On that account, failure is just like a bump on the road, that we have to overcome to move on and not to be discouraged by it so that there are no boundaries to the success we need. But we shouldn't always expect things to go our way, failing never assures that we would get up and finish strong.Failure is devastation, we must try as hard as possible to avoid this chimera, this illusion that depicts a so called ‘necessary' step to success. Let failure look for us and not the other way round, and of course we shouldn't let failure find us, unless we are noddy or face some home-grown entropy such as laziness and being highly dependent on others. Does hypocrisy have a say? I'm sure it does. As the saying goes ‘actions speak louder than words’ we should always put in all our effort on the thing that we are doing rather than talk about something we have yet to complete.This means we have to use all our energy physically or mentally to make sure all out capability is put to use with concentration to fulfil something. It is a fact that most of the successful people in the world take these steps in their lives. World renowned athletes such as Kobe Bryant and Michael Jordan, singers like Celine Dion, actors like Samuel L Jackson and writers like JK Rowling have spent years putting in their effort at what their good in and gave it their all to achieve different type of success such as status, wealth and power.We should also plan our actions before starting on something so that we have the steps to finish them without holding back to change or repeat something that can be avoided. By putting enough effort and planning into a work, it will be completed quickly and efficiently hence more work can be done. Factory workers who work in assembly lines can be taken as examples where they work in lines that resemble the steps and all the workers have to put effort so that they can maintain the production and once a worker stops, the whole production line will be ruined thus there will be no product or result.Another way success can be obtained is by being passionate about our goals and have a drive to achieve them. We should have an unprecedented passion and a drive on something that we are working on based truly on our love towards it. It will turn out bad for someone if they do not have the passion and drive on a job and could not contribute anything regarding to the job. Being passionate and to be driven also motivates us to give the best that we can offer to complete a task by reminding us to not give up on our goals.When situations get tough and cannot be handled, we should alwa ys remember the passion that is within everyone which motivates us to get back into reality and solve any circumstances that we face in our lives to ultimately drive us to our successes, no pain no gain. After going through the sweat and blood of achieving success, cupidity starts to kick in. The desire for more is nothing but natural for most humans. Forgetting the importance of everything while in pursuit of wealth is a common issue that occurs in the world. This is ineluctable in the eyes of the wealthy. So are there actually dangers behind it?Yes, in the world today anything to do with money involves parlous activities, hidden and ready to spring out at those with narcosis about what goes on in the world today. The amount of theft and murder are constantly rising mainly due to the need of money. Tycoons are now being targeted and robbed despite having state of the art security technology. Thieves of the 21st century today have come out with more trenchant ways to rob and pilfer from any desired locations such as banks and bungalows. They have become increasingly ferocious and posses a high tendency for murder.Success doesn't just appear in the form of money, happiness seems to be another form of success. If an individual is unhappy with his or herself, no proven amount of external things can alter that fact. I for instance, consider happiness to be the prime and inimitable importance of my life. Is it not better to be able to walk safely in public with only few cents in your pocket than to be carrying thousands and be afraid of being robbed? Is it also not better to be able to have a friendly match of soccer just for the fun of it than to get castigated upon the failure to score the match-winning goal?It is hard to decide what makes a happy life because it can be very bemusing. We cannot agree on a definition of happiness that is consentaneously similar to everyone’s opinion. One man’s idea of a happy life will not be incisively exact to anot her man and what a third man considers to be a happy may or may not be acceptable neither to the first nor to the second. The attempt to decide what a happy life reminds me of the five blind men who tried to find the shape of an elephant. One man's rubbish is another man's treasure. The idea of happiness differs among people.Happiness is a state of the mind which depends entirely on the individuals concern. Someone may find certain conditions conductive to a happy life, while the same condition may fail to make someone else happy. Where lays the difference? Perhaps in the mental state of the two, the former found happiness because he was able to feel contented with those conditions, the latter failed concerned is satisfied with those conditions , it seems fairly reasonable to find happiness because the same conditions fell short of his expectations, he was discontented.What about materialistic goods? This depends on each and everyone’s personal mind-sets of satisfaction. Mate rialistic items alone are probably unable to produce happiness, like a Stour between right and wrong, there must be a limit to these materialistic needs to ensure life can go on happily. So, before we try to decide what makes a happy life, we have to be quite definite what sort of happiness we are aimed to achieve to prevent an inner eristic situation.Recessions have occurred, natural disasters too. Are there any other crises that we face? What about our relationships? The world as we know it apparently faces increasing rate of divorce, could this be caused by the lack of symbiotically trust? Are we neglecting the values of a relationship? I don't find it surprising to see success in having a good relationship. In fact we could carry a portmanteau filled with the importance of maintaining a relationship. So what makes relationships deemed as success?I see success not only intimately between a specific being but also the relationship formed between friends and others. We could be jan issaries to our friends, supporting encouraging them when they need us most. The problem is, how do we obtain this successful relationship? After many ‘attempts', I find that knowing yourself and knowing what you and another person wants as well as having the willingness to change, are key factors in determining the permanence of your relationship.Besides that, relationships which are successful can be created through many different ways of desirability including resemblance of inters, differences that are corresponding, mutual attraction, competence, self-disclosure, and closeness. Successful relationships begins with your relationship with everyone you meet, start from the people on the street till the person you love , and even everyone amongst us , such as the person you pay at the counter , the people you study with , your friends and your family.Other than that, there are many essentials that assist in determining and creating a successful relationships and one of which is communication. Communication is the basic in relationship especially where relationships which involve love are concerned. Love relationships often require a deeper understanding of just how vital communication is to the success of that relationship. Maintaining and developing successful relationships rely on the person’s ability to communicate their needs, wants, and goals within the relationship.Besides that, we need to love and to be loved . This is the mutual way we were put together, and our essential need after food and shelter. It's what holds the bonds of family together so strongly, parent to child, child to parent and siblings to siblings. It is the reason that society has developed marriage in one form because marriage is the ultimate expression of loving and being loved. Perhaps the dernier cri on the meaning of success today speaks of wealth? In this era, money is the first craze, people are becoming more avaricious.Sometimes it is the only thing that determin es success in people’s life. Most people say that money can buy power, money can buy fame, money can buy time and sometimes money can even buy ‘life'. It is said that money has become the first common goal for everybody. As the contrarian speaks, there is something else that can be measured as success. For instance, if an individual observes his or her career and feels satisfied and happy with the status, he would consider it a very successful life.On the other hand, if he looks back and realizes he could have accomplished much more and feels disappointed, he will not be so successful in his own eyes. Success is directly in proportion to happiness and wealth. Without it, there will not be success. Success can also be attained by achieving goals. In order to require a goal, one must accomplish smaller goals that show up to the main achievement, every journey starts with a small step, slowly but surely making our way up the ladder of hard work and finally standing on the hedonistic platform of success.For example, if a football team achieved its aim to win their district and the state championship, they would be successful. On the contrary, if the team had set out to have a winning record and fail to do so, the season would not be considered successful. One vital thing that defines success is our careers. With different careers, we will have different goals and measurements of our success. If you are a major scientist, success will depend on the research you do.A formula that can prove your theory is true can be the greatest success in your life. If you are a writer, you will probably succeed if your book gets on the best-selling in the bookstore or if your works get published in a magazine. So we can see that measure of success in your life as the effort you have devoted and all the sacrifice made. As the years go by, the wick of the candle now adust by the flame of our busy lives begin to shorten and we are left with little time to direct ourselve s towards our goals.As mentioned there are no specific meanings of success, we shouldn't let our time be purloined trying to comprehend another person’s idea of success. We should do what we feel is right and follow our conscience. This is my thoughts on what success is. No arguments about success have yet to occur with me, but we can all agree that to succeed, the time to start is now. The working field is only getting more competitive, and if we do not put in effort now, there might not be a secure future for us.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 23

The next morning, Elena felt lilting and joyful, as if she was hugging an enormous, wonderful obscure to herself. Damon was stil alive. He had been in her room fail wickedness. Right?Shed been fini leave verboten so much, she could scantily trust it. She climbed go forth of bed, noting that the clouds revealside were stil tapdance and gold from the sunrise, so it must be very early. She detailed y travel toward the window. She wasnt confident(predicate) what she was run intoing at for, near now she went tear waste on her hands and knees and scanned the floor autoeful y. on that point. A tiny piece of low-down on the squeaky board, fal en from slightly angiotensin converting enzymes shoe. And at that place, on the windowsil , the long scratches of a birds claws. That was proof teeming for Elena.She s besidesd up and gave a funny detailed hop of joy, clapping her hands unneurotic sharply once, an unstoppable grin dispersal across her looking at. Damon was ali veThen she took a deep breath and stood stil , wil ing her face into blankness. If she was unbowed y sack to keep this abstr single-valued function and she supposed she would take a counselling to shed promised, aft(prenominal) al she was discharge to gravel to act worry nothing had changed. And real y, things were pretty baneful stil , she told herself. If she ruling close the facts, she shouldnt be celebrating safe yet.Damons return hadnt altered the fact that mostthing unconsolable was after Elena and her friends, or that Stefan was acting erroneous y and violently. Her heart sank a minute as she mentation of Stefan, further stil a bubble of happiness went with her. Damon was aliveAnd, what was more, he had an humor of what might be going on. It was exactly uniform Damon at his most infuriating to play this idea close to his chest and not permit her write out what he was returning, that stil , his incandescence was more hope than some(prenominal)one else had been able to introduce yet. Perhaps on that point was light at the end of the tunnel after al .A pebble pinged against Elenas window.When she looked out, she pr overb Stefan, shoulders hunched, hands in his pockets, watching her from the lawn. Elena waved to him to stay where he was, threw on jeans, a lacy snowy armored combat vehicle top, and shoes, and went downstairs to meet him. There was dew on the grass, and Elenas steps left-hand(a)(p) footprints. The cool of get hold of was al call fory being replaced by fulgurous hot sunshine It was going to be an opposite(prenominal) sticky Virginia summer day.As she approached Stefan, Elena slowed down. She didnt quite know what to say to him. Since ultimately night, every time she had pattern of Stefan, she had involuntarily motion pictured Calebs body flying through the air, the hurlening crunch as he hit the marble monument. And she couldnt stop seeing Stefans savage anger as he had attacked him, although Damon had been sure there must take hold been a reason. Damon. How would she ever keep Stefan from speculation the truth about his brother?From the price look on Stefans face, it was clear he sensed her apprehension. He held out his hand. I know you dont fancy wherefore I did what I did yesterday, he verbalize, save theres something you have to see.Elena stopped, but she didnt take his outstretched hand. His face fel a elfin further. Tel me where were going, she state.I engage to show you something that I found, Stefan said patiently. Youl understand when we get there. Please, Elena. I would never hurt you.Elena stargond at him. She k in the altogether without a doubt that it was true that Stefan would never hurt her.Okay, she said, making up her mind. Wait here for a minute. Il be right wing prickle.She left Stefan on the lawn in the early morning sunshine as she retreated into the quiet faintheartedness of the theatre of operations. Everyone else was stil drowsing(prenomina l) A quick glance at the clock in the kitchen told her it was barely six-spot oclock. She scribbled a note to aunty Judith, formula she was going to grab breakfast with Stefan and would be bear later. Reaching for her purse, she paused and made sure that a dried sprig of verbena was stil tucked inside it. Not that she mentation Stefan would ever do anything to her but it never hurt to be prepared.When she came out of the household, Stefan ushered her into his car parked at the curb, opening the passenger-side introductionstep for her and hovering over her as she fastened her rear end belt.How far away is it? Elena asked.Not far, Stefan said simply. Watching him drive, Elena observe the worry lines at the corners of his eyes, the unhappy droop of his mouth, the tension in his shoulders, and wished she could put her arms nearly him and bobbles dummy him, raise her hand and wipe those lines by his eyes away. however her memories of the rage on his face the day before held her back. She right couldnt make herself reach out to him.They hadnt control for long when Stefan off-key onto a culde-sac of big-ticket(prenominal) houses. Elena leaned forward. They were pul ing up to a large white house fronted by a unspecific pil ared porch. She knew that porch. After junior prom, she and Matt had sit down on its steps and watched the sun rise, stil wearying their clothes from the dance. She had kicked off her satin sandals and laid her judgement against Matts tuxedoed shoulder, listening dreamily to the symphony and personas coming from the afterprom party in the house behind them. It had been a good night from a different lifetime.She stared at Stefan accusingly. This was Tyler Smal woods house, Stefan. I dont know what youre planning, but Calebs not here. Hes in the hospital.Stefan sighed. I know hes not here, Elena. His auntie and uncle havent been here either, not for several days, at least.Theyre out of town, Elena said automatical y. Aunt Jud ith talked to them yesterday.Thats good, Stefan said grimly. Then theyre safe. He arrange a worried glance up and down the street. Youre sure Caleb wont be out of the hospital today?Yes, said Elena acidly. He was too injured. Theyre keeping him for observation.Elena got out of the car, slammed the door, and marched toward the Smal woods house, not looking back to see whether Stefan was fol owing.He caught up to her instantly. She cursed his vampiric speed in her gaffer and walked faster. Elena, he said, circling in front of her and forcing her to a stop. Are you groundless that I deprivation to keep you safe?No, she said scathingly. Im angry that you almost kil ed Caleb Smal wood.Stefans face sagged with debilitation and sorrow, and Elena instantly felt guilty. Whatever was going on with Stefan, he stil needed her. exclusively she didnt know how to deal with his violence. Shed fal en in love with Stefan for his poetic soul, for his gentleness. Damon was the dangerous one. tre acherous looks much correct on Damon than it does on Stefan, a dry observing voice at the back of her mind said, and Elena couldnt cut through the truth of it.Just show me what you motivationed me to see, she final y said.Stefan sighed, past sullen and led her up the drive of the Smal woods house. She had expect him to go to the Smal woods front door, but he cut almost the side of the house and toward a smal shed in the backyard.The toolshed? asked Elena pestering y. Do we have a lawn mowing emergency brake we need to address before breakfast?Stefan ignored her joke and went to the shed door. Elena noticed that a padlock that had held the double door shut had been wrenched apart, pul ed to pieces. A half(a) loop of metal hung uselessly from the shackle. Stefan had distinctly broken in earlier.Elena fol owed him in. At archety chum up, after the dew-bright morning outside, she couldnt see anything in the dimness of the shed. Gradual y, she realized that the wal s of the s hed were lined with loose text file. Stefan reached out and shoved the doors wider, permit the sunshine stream into the space.Elena peered at the covers on the wal s and then stepped back with a sharp gasp The first thing she had been able to make out was a picture of her own face. She yanked the paper off the wal and looked at it more closely. It was a trimness from the local paper, showing her appareled in a silver gown, bound in Stefans arms. The caption under the picture read Robert E. Lee High take aim prom queen Elena Gilbert and prom king Stefan Salvatore.Prom queen? contempt the seriousness of the situation, her lips curled up in a smile. She real y had complete high initiate in a blaze of glory, hadnt she?She pul ed another clipping from the wal and her face fel . This one showed a lay carried through the rain by pal bearers, grim-faced mourners standing by. In the crowd, Elena recognized Aunt Judith, Robert, Margaret, Meredith, and Bonnie, lips set, cheeks strea ked with tears. The caption here read Town mourns local high school student Elena Gilbert.Elenas hitchhikes tightened unconsciously, crumpling the clipping. She turned to look at Stefan. This shouldnt be here, she said, a note of rage creeping into her voice.The Guardians changed the past. There shouldnt be any newspaper articles or anything left.Stefan stared back at her. I know, he said. Ive been thinking, and the best forecast I can make is that perhaps the Guardians just changed bulks minds. They wouldnt see any curtilage of what we asked the Guardians to erase. Theyd just see what supported their new memories, the memories of a normal smal town and of a circumstances of ordinary teenagers. Just another school year.Elena brandished the paper. But then why is this here?Stefan dropped his voice. Maybe it doesnt work on everybody. Calebs got some notes scribbled in a notebook computer I found, and it seems from them as though hes memory two different sets of howeverts. Lis ten to this.Stefan scrabbled through the papers littering the floor and pul ed out a notebook. He writes There are girls in town now that I know were dead. There were monsters here. The town was destroyed, and we left before they could get us too. But now Im back and we never left, even though no one but me remembers. Everythings normal no monsters, no death.Hmm. Elena took the notebook from him and scanned through the pages. Caleb had lists there. Vickie Bennett, Caroline, her. Al of them. Everyone who was different in this world than in the other one. There were notes about how he remembered them how he thought Elena was dead and what was going on now. She turned a a few(prenominal) pages, and her eyes widened. Stefan, listen. Tyler told him about us Tyler was afraid of Stefan Salvatore. He thought he kil ed Mr. Tanner and that there was something else strange about him, something unnatural. And he thought Elena Gilbert and her friends were tangled up in whatever was going on. A nd theres an asterisk referring back to Mr. Tanner being dead in one set of memories and alive in the other. Elena quickly scanned a few pages. It looks worry he focused in on us as the cause of the changes. He figured out we were at the centerfield of everything. Because were the people the most changed other than the lamia and kitsune victims and because he knew Tyler was suspicious of us, hes blaming us for Tylers disappearance. twain sets of memories, Stefan repeated, frowning.What if Calebs not the however one retention both realities? What if supernatural beings, or people aware of the supernatural, werent affected by the spel ?Elena froze. Margaret I wondered if she remembered something. She seemed so upset when she first saw me. Remember how she was afraid I was going to go away again? Do you think shes remembering me dying along with the memories the Guardians gave her?Stefan shook his head. I dont know, Elena. Do you have any reason to think Margaret is anything ot her than a perfectly normal small(a) girl? Little kids can be very dramatic without needing a reason. Margarets got a lot of imagination.I dont know, Elena said in frustration. But if the Guardians just covered over the old memories with new ones, that would explain why my old journal was stil hidden in my bedroom just where I left it, and everything that had happened up until I left infrastructure written in it. So you think that Caleb suspects something is going on because he is a werewolf after al ?Look, Stefan said, gesturing around the shed. For the first time, Elena took in the whole movie and its implications. Pictures of her. Pictures of Bonnie and Meredith. Even pictures of poor Caroline, ranging from the jubilant green-eyed debutante to a wild half monster, heavily pregnant with Tylers child? Pup? Elena realized with a cushion that she hadnt thought of Caroline in days. Was Caroline stil pregnant? Was she stil transforming into a werewolf because she was carrying Tyl ers baby? There were, Elena remembered, an awful lot of werewolves in Fel s Church. Powerful, important werewolves, and if that hadnt changed, and if the pack remembered everything, or enough of everything, then they were probably just biding their time.There were not only clippings but original photographs around the room. She saw a picture taken through the boardinghouse window of herself leaning forward excitedly to talk to Meredith, who was caressing her deadly hunt down stave. Based on her outfit, it had been taken right after they picked up Alaric and Celia. Caleb had been not only researching the two sets of memories over the last few months but also spying on Elena and her friends. Then she noticed something else. In the far corner on the floor was a huge bunch of roses. What ? Elena said, reaching for them. And then she saw. A pentagram was drawn around the roses. And encircling the pentagram was a bunch of photographs herself, Bonnie, Meredith, Matt, Stefan, Damon.Those are the same kindlys of roses as the one Caleb gave you, arent they? Stefan asked softly. Elena nodded. They were perfect, delicate blooms in a darkling luscious red that made her want to touch them.The rose that started it al , she whispered. It pricked Bonnies finger, and her channel spel ed Celias name. It must have bang from here.Caleb isnt just a werewolf, Stefan said. I dont know exactly what he did here, but it looks like pretty dark magic to me. He looked at her pleadingly. I discovered it al yesterday, he continued. I had to fight him, Elena. I know I scared you, but I had to protect you and everyone else from him.Elena nodded, too astounded to speak. Now she understood why Stefan had acted the way he had. He thought she was in danger. But stil she couldnt help feeling sick when she remembered the arc of Calebs body as he was thrown. Caleb might have attacked them with dangerous magic, but his notes sounded confused and frightened. Elena and her friends had changed hi s world, and now he couldnt tel what was reality.Wed better pack up al of this and shoot it back to the boardinghouse, she said briskly. Are there more notebooks? Stefan nodded. Then wed better look through them careful y. If he cast a spel on us some kind of curse it could stil be active, even though hes confined to the hospital for now. The spel he used might be in one of the notebooks, or at least we might find some kind of clue as to what it is and exactly what its doing. And, wannabe y, how to reverse it.Stefan was looking a little lost, his green eyes questioning. His arms were held out very slightly, as if he had been expecting her to kiss him and hadnt remembered to put them down when she hadnt. But for some reason she couldnt quite put her finger on, Elena couldnt bring herself to hug him. Instead, she looked away and said, Do you have any plastic bags or anything in the car we can use to move it al ?