Thursday, October 31, 2019
GMO the Necessary Evil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
GMO the Necessary Evil - Essay Example There have been many mixed reactions due to GM foods because of the rampant debate surrounding GMO technology. Today, the process of genetic modification is rapidly advancing throughout the planet. In 2004, 8.25 million farmers in 17 nations grew the crops (Ahmed 30). The production and marketing of GM foods are due to the superficial benefits they hold either to the producer or to consumption of these genetic foods. When it was first introduced, GM seeds developers needed their products to be accepted by producers and focus on innovations that have direct benefits to the farmers and the food industry at large. For example, the International Rice Research Institute located in the Philippines manufactured the GM golden rice to help people in South East Asia that were lacking food. Research has shown that GMO presents significant threats because of inconclusive research on their safety and their effects on the environment. However, I believe GMO is a necessary evil that the human race must contend with because it faces an imminent food crisis. GMO is the necessary evil that will solve the world food problem (Specter 34). GMO foods are unavoidable, and we cannot live without them. The World Health Organization (WHO), the Food, Drug Administration, and other scientific bodies in the world have strongly advocated for the use of GM foods, since they do not predispose the human health to any harm. Additionally, research shows that the risks to human health that may be brought about by the consumption of GM foods are the same as those that are produced by the consumption of non-GM foods. Moreover, GM foods are safe to use as they tested for food safety and passed the safety assessment. Some people believe that GM foods should be eliminated due to the risks they have like the health issues. It is a fact that people have eaten some of the GM foods unknowingly, but no complains of serious concerns (Ahmed 18). By 2040, the world’s population is predicted to increase
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
( KEVs ) Key Environmental Variables of a medium enterprise in a given Essay
( KEVs ) Key Environmental Variables of a medium enterprise in a given industry - Essay Example In that sense, Danone aims at providing natural high quality food to the global market that would assist in building health through all stages of life. As a result, this would cultivate a taste of things that are good for the customers. Danone Groups also has been able to provide products that are adaptable to all the other cultures. This internationalization strategy has been made possible through scientific research. The firm has been able to curve out a big market share globally by embracing various technologies that have enabled the customers to shop for food products through tablet computers and smartphones, as well as other mobile devices. Moreover, the firm has also incorporated traditional sales channels that include telephone, physical stores, and catalogues (Danone, 2013). With regard to the environmental responsibility, the firm is looking for raw materials that are cheaper outside their own market, in addition to being eco-friendly. This means that the firm guarantees the quality, safety, and traceability of the raw materials. Moreover, the firm has come up with policies that would help track and improve working conditions and environmental effects of farming (Danone, 2013). As part of its globalization strategy, the business entity has ensured long-term protection and renewal of water reserves being operated by the group. According to Danone (2012), the Group is also trying to expand its operations globally by having a constant consultation process with various stakeholders at both national and international levels. The consultation initiatives comprises of the government representatives in the country of operation, manufacturers, the civil society, and the environmental bodies, particularly where the aim is to provide clear information for the consumers or responsible behavior in the field of environment
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Investigation and evaluation of environmental analysis
Investigation and evaluation of environmental analysis This assignment was given to me as well as to everyone else in the group by Ms. Karen Abberton. It is requested to be done as part of the course work experience in order to see how well students understood business management structure of the company they completed their work experience in. The brief for this assignment was given to us on the 16th of September 2009 and was requested to be submitted by the 16th of December 2009. As a business course student it is very important for me to understand business management, how a well organized business works and how it can change the wellbeing of an organization. In order to create a successful company or to upgrade an existing one, we should know what opportunities this organization has. We should be able to position the organization in the market scale against its competitors if there are any. The environmental analysis of a company helps us to see negative and positive elements of the organization, what in future might make us change s ome of the strategies in order to make the company more confident and invulnerable. 3. Methods of procedures Quite a few different sources were used by me in order to construct this report. In the first place based on the information received during Marketing Management Classes in Balsbridge College a lot of handouts were given to me as well as examples based on work of real existing companies and practical exercises. Also based on my work experience in KWE World Express where I have spent over two years working as Exports coordinator. I have included mainly secondary research and applied academic theories in order to support my assignment. Books, internet and newspapers. 4. Findings 4.1 Description of organization Is a Freight Forwarding International company which started its business in 1948 and was established in 1970 in Japan. At present there are 297 offices in 192 cities in 31 of the world it and employs over 8,000 people around the world. It is a tall company with LTD-limited Liability. Its product is the service the company provides to its customers. KWE is one of the leading freight forwarding companies in the world. Domestic and foreign air and ocean freight forwarding business, trucking company agent, customs agent, and transportation agent.There are two offices in Ireland: Dublin and Cork. Dublin office is located beside the Dublin airport in Horizon Logistics Park. It employs 26 people working in the office and 1 person working as sales representative visiting potential customers, (so called sales on the road). Dublin office organizes imports and exports of freight by road, sea-ocean and air. It has been established in Ireland in 1998 and managed to gain and keep quite a number of big and growing customers. Some of them are quite known pharmaceutical companies like Takeda, Astellas. Takeda is has been Dublins branch customer for over 10 years and there are two people in the company who are responsible for Takeda account. Astellas is a new pharmaceutical company which imports and exports up to 5 tons of cargo weekly with the KWEs help. I cant go any further until I mention such a well known customer of KWE as Dell. Dell have been KWEs customer for quite a long time, but as far as I know just before I left the company last spring Dell moved its main production to Poland which means the account was lost. There are still some transactions but only occasionally. Below I would like to show the structure of KWE in a chart. The first chart will show the main offices and the second chart will give information of the Dublins branch. Now I would like to point out the countries which go under the supervision of the areas shown in the chart: Americas: Brazil, Canada, Mexico, USA Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, UAE, Vietnam. Europe and Africa: Belgium, Czech, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland Russia, South Africa, Sweden, U.K., Switzerland. Japan is the head office, each country should report to the headquarters main office, and the headquarters main office reports to Japan. Dublin Office Chart: As you can see it is a tall company, but lets start from the bottom. Each staff member should report to its supervisor, the supervisor reports to the department manager and the manager should report to the M.D. For Example I would report to Sandra White, she in her turn would report to John OShaugnessy and John should report to Thomas Weppelmann. In reality Thomas Weppelmann is responsible for more than just Dublin office. It means if the issue is not very big it will be resolved within the company, but if a decision has to be made like who to make redundant than Thomas Weppelmann will have to take part in the final decision, but still the opinion of John OShaugnessy is essential here as he spends more time with his staff and he knows everyones performance abilities. As already said the company is a freight forwarding agent. Its job is to safely transport goods from point A to point B, with the help of haulers, shipping lines or airlines. Sales Department: Manager Karl OReilly Mark Fuller and Josephine Kill under his supervision. The aim of the department is to sell the companys product, which is service. They are a kind of companys advertisers. It is also under their responsibility to give price quotes to any customer inquiring a service to any destination of the world. Sales department is the start point of any shipment. They should know: 1. What kind of cargo 2. Where is it going to? 3. Dimensions and weight of goods 4. When the goods can be ready for transportation? 5. What is the desired date of transportation? And many more, the reason I say many more is because each customer and each type of cargo is different in its way. It can be smaller or bigger, it might be urgent on normal, it may go to different destinations and so on, it can be different types of goods and so on. The sales department goal is to give customer an impression that we are the only company in the country who can provide the cheapest, the safest and the best service off all. The information they give to the potential customer should be as accurate as possible, in order to avoid any issues later down the line. Imports Department: Eamonn Grogan and David Howell are responsible for Air Imports, the aim of these two people is to proceed the imported cargo as per government rules and regulations and to make sure that nothing bad happens to the cargo from the moment it arrives into Dublin and until the moment it is delivered to the final destination. They should make sure that the information they fill in the customs docs should be 100% correct, because any wrong steps or wrong information can lead to big fines for the company. Paul Byrne is dealing with DHL account, his job is to look after road exports and imports. Sarahs job is to look after sea imports and exports. She should be aware of the timetable of the ships and feeder vessels; she should daily check if the ships with different containers arrived into the transit port and left it as pre the time timetable. On the import side the procedure is pretty much the same as air imports, all the goods should be customs cleared and delivery organized unless customer wants different. Exports Department: Sandra White, Joanne Howe and myself, responsible for air exports. Responsibilities include negotiating the prices with the airlines, checking the post flights on daily basis, organizing pickups and deliveries to airport. I was working in the Air Exports Department. I personally was responsible for some of the imports and accounts jobs as when I joined the company there wasnt too much job in the exports department and people from other departments used to give me staff to do. In general my main responsibility was checking the post flights in the mornings, than I was preparing the airway bills for that days shipments arranging collections, customs clearance for the shipments. My duties also included Cass Reports twice a month they are bills from the airlines which have to be checked if the amounts to be paid match the amounts on the bills, reports for customers, earlier mentioned  Astellas account is one of the customers who require weekly and monthly reports of the shipments KWE handle for them it was also one of my responsibilities. Accounts department: Sylvia Smith is the H.R. representative but geographically she is part of the accounts department, and her job is closely related to accounts. She is responsible for payroll. Her duties include to staff and operate the organization. Nicolla Uzell and Michelle Boylan are responsible for the accounts of the company. I think this departments duties dont have to be explained. Avril Reilly receptionist, she is the first person anyone speaks to on the phone. She has to sort the post, make sure that no unattended people are on the territory of the company. Warehouse: Mickael Tallon ahs 3 people under his supervision, their duties include packaging the goods for exports, delivering cargo and documents to the airport. Collecting cargo from the customers, delivering imported cargo to the customer, labeling the shipments with the referenced stickers. That is pretty much the structure of the KWE and the explanation of the different departments duties. 4.2 Internal influence on organization. Tangible assets: these are the things which can be touched; we can also call it touchable: furniture, transport, equipment, it system. Furniture is the one of the assets KWE has which belongs strictly to the company as well as transport (Kintetsu Dublin owns one company car which is mainly used by the manager but it can be also used by any member of the staff unless they dont possess a full driving license), Also KWE owns a 20ft container truck which is used on the daily basis for collections and deliveries of the cargo. Equipment is a property owned by KWE, it includes copy machines, printers, fax machines, computers, a fork lift in the warehouse. IT system is another tangible asset the company owns. It belongs wholly to KWE and cannot be used by any other company. Intangible assets: The difference from the tangible assets is that intangible assets cannot be physically touched but it doesnt mean that its value is less than of those tangible ones. Intangible values of the KWE are: name, intellectual property. KWE name is a well known brand in the freight forwarding business circle. KWE is in the first ten biggest and known freight forwarding companies of the world. KWE has a good service reputation, and a good relationship with its customers built during many years with the help of the services provided. Intellectual property is one of the strongest assets of KWE. Most of the people working for the company have many years of experience working in the business, which is supported by completing different courses from time to time, which gives staff the ability to be up to date with any innovations. Capabilities: It is the ability of the company, its staff to achieve the objectives, which lid to the achievement of the mission. What KWE capable is of: each department has an objective which is to gain as many customers as possible, and customers are money profit. But how strong are the capabilities of the company to achieve. What KWE are well capable for is to keep the existing customers, of course it gained a few new ones in the last period of time but only a few not because they are not capable to, because of the already mentioned economical crisis. Value chain analysis: Is one of the tools we can use to see the companys steps taken for creating the greatest possible value for its customers. It shows how the product of a company looks from its infinitive conditions and step by step it becomes a finished product which is a value for customers, who are ready to use it only in its final, result condition. In KWE it is the service they provide. But the customer is not interested and some of them dont even know what is used to provide the service they require. Value chain is a chain of procedures, and action taken which are applied in any organization. It includes: Inbound logistics Operations Outbound Logistics Marketing and sales Service I would like to demonstrate this chain in a real example. I will describe a day of work dealing with a particular customer in exports department. Inbound Logistics: 1. 10 am a call received from a ones off customer by our sales department for an urgent shipment to Japan. Customer needs a quote. 2. Sales get the information required in order to proceed the quote. 3. Sales let know the air exports department about a potential shipment to Japan and the information about the goods, dimensions and weight in order for the exports department to book a collection. 4. If the shipment was going let say to Canada than sales would have to contact different airlines for a quote, but because KWE have a daily consol going to Narita and Osaka in Japan they know how much it will cost the company for that particular shipment. All sales do is add up collection fee different airline fees, security if applies VAT and give the customer an estimated time of arrival of the shipment to the final destination and the total price. If customer agrees to the price the first part is done. Customer cannot refuse to go ahead because of the ETA estimated time of arrival, because any other airline can give whether later arrival time or the same one, the choice here is not a major one. There are only 2 airlines flying directly to Japan from London, none from Dublin. The inbound logistics part is done. Operations: After shipments arrival into KWE warehouse it has to be repacked (usually put on a pallet and wrapped with plastic cover to avoid any loss of the boxes from the pallet or water damage and so on.) A sticker with correct ref number matching the reference on the documents has to be labeled to the box now the shipment is ready to be loaded on the truck to go the port and connect Ulysses vessel to London. Outbound Logistics: It is the main process of the transportation. Next morning exports department have to ring Japan airlines in order to see if cargo managed to get to their warehouse for the cut off time to go on the plane. If so we can advice our customer, if requested, that the shipment is in London as scheduled and should arrive Osaka next morning. Marketing and Sales: As you can see the sales department did its job in the very start of this operation. And in this particular case all they can do is to send a thank you for using our company service and a kind of advertising to this new customer who may appear to be not just a once off one. Advertisement can include the information of thee services KWE provides and letting the customer know about different destinations and our availability anytime with mobile all the details included and company mobile numbers. Service: Is the final result. The cargo arrival to the final destination point. It is in time as promised. All safe without any damage, this is where the value to our product is added in the eyes of the customer. And trust me this customer will advice our services to its friend, and thats how KWE becomes a brand name. The main winning point for any business is TIME. A company cannot become famous in 1-2 months time from the moment it opened. 4.3 External influence on organization. Marketing Environment consists of the macro and micro-environment. The macro-environment includes large social forces that affect micro-environment, and usually cant be controlled by the company. It is an external structure which includes the following: Political Economical Opportunities and Threads Social PEST and Porter Five Forces Technology Natural And micro-environment consists of forces that are under control of the company. Micro-environment influences the ability of the company in producing a required service to its customers. It is an internal structure which includes the following Suppliers Customers Company Strengths and Weaknesses Marketing intermediaries Publics PEST analysis. Quite often someone who starts a business doesnt realize how important environmental factors for an organization are. I mean the country a certain business will be started in. It is very important for a new business owner to understand and to be aware of the political, social, economical and technological factors of the country the business is going to work in. A PEST analysis is one of those tools that help to understand the external environment of the organization. P Political                                                    S Social E Economical                                       T Technology Political factors Can have a direct impact on the way a company operates. This factor does not depend on internal work of the company. Only decisions made by government affect the operations. Political factors include such areas as: v What is government policy on the cargo transportation? v Labor Law                                                                                                                                               v Government Stability                           a) There is a law referring to imported and exported goods in Ireland. This would include: goods imported or exported to or out of Ireland have to be customs cleared; all goods have to be declared on the paperwork, airway bills or bill of ladings. There is a law referring the goods for resale or personal effects goods. There is a law concerning import or export of medical goods and many other laws and regulations which strictly have to be obeyed by the transportation agents.  b) Labor law can influence a companys performance a lot. Ages ago people could work 24 hours a day and for very cheap pay, nowadays people cannot work more than 4 hours without a brake of 1 hour and no more than 8 hours a day. Total hours worked in a week should be no more than 40 hours. Min pay per hour has been implemented. During my employment in KWE I noticed that the rules and labor law regulations were followed as per law, every employee has been given a copy of the KWE handbook where everyone coul d see a detailed description of the companys policy and entitlements procedures                                                                                                                  c) All the factors included above depend on how stable the government is. Any of the above can be easily changed due to government change or government instability. Government changes or coming of the new political parties can influence the organizations total figures. Business owners feel better to move the business to a country with growing economy rather than keep it in Ireland, where economy is down at present. Poland for example, labor is chea per, government taxes are lower. Transportation laws are softer. This follows with loss of clients for KWE. Economical Factors All types of organizations are affected by economical factors locally and globally. It doesnt matter if the economy is in a boom, recession or recovery all these affect consumer confidence and behavior. Economical factors affect the purchasing power of potential buyers. It also influences the internal and external economy. Economical factors include: v Exchange Rates v Economic downturn v The level of inflation v VAT rate a) Interest rates influence the company sometimes positively, but sometimes negatively. Because KWE deals with customers and agents all over the world, invoices the company gets are in different currencies, so the exchange rates which are in place of the payment day can influence the amount to be transferred for payment in foreign currency. Quite often payments are queried because of the exchange rate changing every day. b) The present economical crisis negatively influences not only KWE but the general business structure of Ireland. People get redundant, companies lose experienced staff. A team which is used to perfectly fulfill its duties when everyone is in, looses the ability to do it in case of some people (not just one) of the team are not present. Performance of the companies is down, because not a full team works in the operations department. c) Level of inflation if it lows down than the customers are not very confident in using a service or buying a good. Social Factor: Social factor include the demographic changes of the country and of the world. KWE is a company who has offices all over the world so not only local demographics affect the business. These factors affect customers needs and size of potential markets. Information about demographical situation in Ireland can be found on the website: www.cso.ie . Social factors include: v How are views expressed? v Age v Career attitudes Technological factors. Technological factors are very important tools for an organization. Up to date technology can change the level of production, can improve peoples work performance and can change internal environment of an organization. Technological factor includes: v Impact of the internet v Software v Online Customs Clearance Internet is one of the most powerful technology inventions which were ever created. It helps people instantly send and receive information to and from agents, customers, suppliers and so on. Software- used in KWE for printing the documents for cargo and invoices was an old one, just before I left the company people started to be trained to use a new software which was easier to use, more friendly and could save time to staff because of the features and benefits it had and the old system didnt. Online Customs a few years ago I order to customs clear exported or imported goods the staff of the company were fill in all the customs declaration attach the documents for the shipment and physically go to the customs office and hand everything in. it was taking hours but sometimes days to customs clear the cargo. It was a problem for more people you can imagine: transportation agent, customer, customers customerand so on. After that an online system was brought to life to customs clear the goods. It saved people time increased the shipments, increased performance and increased the profits for customs office (which is regulated by the government), and for freight forwarding agents. From this analysis we can see how the PEST analysis can change the performance and may be predicting the near future of an organization even though a PEST as we know is an external factor which doesnt depend of the companys strategic. The most important of all four factors of PEST for KWE are the PET. We can see that technology had a huge impact on the company and freight forwarding business itself; economical factors like exchange rates have permanent influence different laws and regulation like the goods imported within EU are going under T1 status which means they dont need to be customs cleared and it eases the procedure and makes it cheaper as no customs charges apply. It was said that on tomorrows budget meeting 09-12-09 the government wants to bring the VAT up, which will hit the customers and KWE even more, negatively. It will work out better for companies to buy the goods they need across the border in England as the VAT is much lower there. Porter Five Porters This model was invented by Michael E. Porter he wrote a book called Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Since then, people use this structure for analyzing a companys industry structure and its corporate strategy. Porter described five forces that shape every single industry and market. These forces help us to analyze everything from the intensity of competition to the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The structure below: Threat of substitute. 1. The time is wrong (economy is low). Bad time for any industry to be started right now. 2. This type of industry might need a much bigger capital to start the company than a local shop for example. 3. A lot of companies producing the goods for exports move out of Ireland to cheaper countries in Europe or Asia. (Dell moved to Poland, Xilinx-who were one of the biggest customers of KWE for nearly 10 years, moved to Asia) Cheaper countries means: cheap labor, cheap government taxes, VAT on imported goods and so on. Threat of new entrants. 1. If we look to substitute service KWE is providing than rivalry is quite high. There tens of companies at present competing for business in freight forwarding domain who can offer better service or rates. Due to high number of competitors with the same strategies and a lot of them being the same size the mission of KWE and many other organization in that industry is to just stay in for the moment until things pick up. Power of Supplier. Suppliers just like KWE are not in a very strong position at present. KWE can chose from many different suppliers and negotiate the rates to KWEs advantage. From many years of working in Ireland KWE managed to set up accounts and to build a business relation with many different suppliers, so at present if they move from one to another it wont be a totally new one which means there will be no switching cost involved. Switching doesnt affect KWE it only affects the airlines, trucking companies or feeder vessels. Power of buyer. This is exactly who is in a winning position at the moment. If we look at it, it can be whether KWE or their customers in this position. Customers now win as they buy cheap transportation of cargo worldwide. KWE wins as well as it buys cheap service from its supplier another side of it is that KWE have sell thing they for very cheap as well, so the profit they make at present is minimum. Competitive rivalry of freight forwarding business. Conclusion: from the point of view of new entrants into the business rivalry is minimum and from the point of view that customers may move to a substitute supplier, rivalry is maximum. Competitive rivalry is high for KWE at present. So we cannot say for definite now that there is someone in a winning position in the present economical crises. Product can be easily substituted, suppliers can be easily substituted, each of them buys cheap and sells cheap. The only definite winner is the final consumer like us who doesnt buy imported goods for resale. The prices in Ireland on different products decreased a lot. The only problem is that the final consumer doesnt have the ability to buy as the income of people is very low and even worse people lose their jobs. 4.4 Internal and External influence on organization SWOT analysis Strengths: v Staff v Name v Experience v Global coverage v Long term contracts with suppliers v Consolidation Weaknesses: v Price of Services v Large number of players v Staff v Overseas agents. Opportunities: v Funding v New Services v Staff training v Technology investments Threats: v Economy v Falling Sales v Cash Flow Internal analysis Strengths of KWE Kintetsu World Express: Staff is one of the most important strengths of the company. A well trained and experienced staff is companys biggest advantage. Name KWE is a well known, recognized name in freight forwarding business area. Companies who supply different types of goods worldwide are well familiar with KWE as a freight forwarding company. Experience Many years worked in freight forwarding area gives the company an advantage. Global Coverage KWE provides services into main and secondary destinations worldwide. It can deliver any type of goods into most cities in the world. Long terms contracts with suppliers gives KWE the opportunity to offer its customers competitive rates as the rates they have with their suppliers are based on long term relationship. Weaknesses of KWE Kintetsu World Express: Prices of Services Air freight for example, some competitors might have their own planes flying to different destinations worldwide (ex. DHL) of course no matter how low the rates are DHL offers to KWE they can steel offer cheaper transportation to the customers and KWEs rates are going to be higher in comparison. Large number of players a lot of competitors in freight forwarding business quite a big number of which might offer better rates and bigger service Staff as well as staff can be a strength it can also be a weakness. Some workers are not very competent in doing their job; some are not team players which is very important in an organization. It gives birth to a weak operating performance. External analysis. Opportunities of KWE Kintetsu World Express: Funding Investments could help the company in present economical crisis to gain new customers. Example: Invest in companys transport; trucks 40 foot containers could help offer customers cheaper transportation charges on road freight. New Services could gain new customers or provide new business for existing customers. Threats of KWE Kintetsu World Express: Economy is one of the external factors of macro-environment. As said before it doesnt depend on the companys strategy. This is exactly what happens in the current economical environment, when economy negatively influences the business. People losing jobs, sales drop, annual profit targets fail to be reached and so on. Falling Sales this is also what is happening at present due to economical crisis. But it can also happen when economy rises, depending on the companys marketing management. How good are the strategies of the company, and how efficient are they for the org
Friday, October 25, 2019
A Different Life :: essays research papers
A Different Life Silence came in seventh grade. It was in seventh grade that I began the first of six years at a private school. In those six years I realized that it was not only I who had lost their voice; I was one among many who were denied the opportunity to speak. I distinctly remember the first time they betrayed me and informed me that my voice was invalid. A close friend of mine from elementary school wanted to attend and I was telling others about him- telling them how neat he was. The three people whom I had felt I could trust- the headmaster, academic dean, and dean of students- cornered me and attacked me for things that I had supposedly said. They did not believe me when I pleaded my case, saying, "He is my friend. Why would I say such horrible things?" They three looked at each other, stuck their noses in the air and simply explained that it sounded like the kind of thing I would do. They did not know me. They had accepted a rumor as truth. They attacked me and disregarded my testimony. Unfortunately, this moment was merely the beginning of the silencing. It continued until the day I graduated. They condemned me for being curious and outspoken and lively. They shut me down for every brilliant idea I proposed, telling me that it was against the rules. I lived, quite literally, in this silence. I could not win by being myself, so I engulfed myself in obtaining their approval through silence and obedience. And I remember exactly what he said to me when I left. On June 4, 1999 my headmaster said to me, "Saint James has really changed you. You've really calmed down a lot. You've become a real lady." I finally gained his approval, but at what cost? Even then, when I was leaving, I could not find the voice to scream at him and tell him how deeply he had hurt me. I did not have the voice to tell him about all the pain he had brought me. I did not have the voice to tell him that I would have forfeited all of the "ladiness" I had gained over six years if I could have my voice back. Saint James taught me to bottle my emotions, because whenever I was open with them I would get in trouble.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Coyote Blue Chapter 28~29
CHAPTER 28 Hope Is Bulletproof, Truth Just Hard to Hit As Minty Fresh drove back to Las Vegas he thought about what Sam had said: â€Å"You have a mother, don't you?†And the question set Minty Fresh to thinking about a phone call from his mother that had changed his life. â€Å"You're the only one left can do something, baby. The others are too far or too far gone. Please come home, baby, I need you.†(Even when he had to duck to pass through her front door she still called him â€Å"baby.†) That tone: he'd heard it in her voice before, when she was tugging at her husband to get him to stop strapping her youngest. But he hadn't gone back for her, had he? It was a call deep with duty and silent pride that brought him home. He went back for Nathan. Nathan Fresh had never been home when any of his nine children were born. He was a sailor, and as far as he knew, when you came home from sea a new child would be waiting for you. The others grew an inch or two at a time, and the shoes that one was wearing when you left would be on the next one down when you got home. He loved his children, foreign creatures that they were, and trusted his wife to raise them – as long as they could line up, snap to, and pass inspection when he came home. And although he was gone most of the time, making the high seas safe for democracy, he was a presence in the house: photographs in crisp dress whites and blues stared down from the walls; commendations and medals; a letter once a week, read out loud at the supper table; and a thousand warnings of what Papa would do to a doomed misbehaver when he got home. To the Fresh children, Papa was only a little bit more real than Santa Claus, and only a bit more conspicuous. On the ship, Chief Petty Officer Nathan Fresh was known only as the Chief: feared and respected, tough and fair, starched, razor creased, and polished, always in trim and intolerant of anyone who wasn't. The Chief: did you notice that he was black? only five foot five? barely 130 pounds? No, but did you see his eyes, like smiles, when he was showing the pictures of his kids – when he was telling tales of lobbing shells the size of refrigerators into the hills of Korea? Did you ever mention retirement to him? That's a frost, that's a chill. Minty Fresh, the youngest of nine, the one born with golden eyes, knew the chill. â€Å"He's not mine,†Papa said – said it only once. Minty stayed out of Papa's way when he could, wore dark glasses when he couldn't. At age ten he stood six feet tall and no amount of slouching would roll Papa's resentment off his back. His place in the family was a single line at the bottom of a letter – â€Å"Baby's fine too†– far enough from â€Å"Love, Momma†to deny the association. At night, by flashlight, he wrote his own letters: â€Å"My team is going to the state championships. I was voted all-conference. The press calls me M. F. Cool, because I wear tinted goggles when I play, and sunglasses during interviews. The colleges are calling already and sending recruiters to the games. You'd be proud. Momma swears you're wrong.†In the bathroom he watched the letters go, in tiny pieces, around the bowl, down, and out to sea. Minty Fresh left for the University of Nevada at Las Vegas the week after high school graduation, the same week that Nathan Fresh took his mandatory retirement from the navy and came home, to San Diego, for good. The coach at UNLV wanted Minty to lift weights all summer, beef up for the big boys. The coach gave Momma Fresh a new washer and dryer. Nathan Fresh put them out on the porch. The day before the first game, when UNLV was going to unleash its secret weapon on the unsuspecting NCAA – a seven-foot center with a three-foot vertical leap who could bench-press four hundred pounds and shoot ninety percent from the free-throw line – M. F. Cool got the call. â€Å"I'm on my way, Momma,†he said. â€Å"My father needs me,†he said to the coach. â€Å"When we brought you up from nothing, gave you a full scholarship, put up with the goggles and the shades and the silly name? Gave your mother a washer and dryer? No. You won't miss the season opener. You're mine.†â€Å"How touching,†Minty said. â€Å"No one has ever said that to me before.†Perhaps, he thought later, stuffing the coach in that locker had been a mistake, but at the time a few hours in seclusion, among socks and jocks, seemed just what the coach needed to gain some perspective. He broke the key off in the padlock, tore the M. F. Cool label off the locker, and went home. â€Å"He's been gone four days now,†Momma said. â€Å"He drinks and gambles, hangs out at the pool hall 'til all hours. But he always came home before. Since he retired, he's changed. I don't know him.†â€Å"Neither do I.†â€Å"Bring him home, baby.†Minty took a cab to the waterfront and ducked in and out of a dozen bars and pool halls before he realized that Nathan would go anywhere but the waterfront. There were sailors there, reminders. After two days of searching he found Nathan, barely able to stand, shooting pool with a fat Mexican in a cantina outside of Tijuana. â€Å"Chief, let's go. Momma's waiting.†â€Å"I ain't no chief. Go away. I got a game going.†Minty put his hand on his father's shoulder, cringing at the smell of tequila and vomit coming off him. â€Å"Papa, she's worried.†The fat Mexican moved around the table to where Minty stood and pushed him away with a cue stick. â€Å"My friend, this one goes nowhere until we get what he owes us.†Two other Mexicans moved off their barstools. â€Å"Now you go.†He poked Minty in the chest with the cue stick and Nathan Fresh wheeled on him and bellowed in finest chief petty officer form. â€Å"Don't you touch my son, you fucking greaseball.†The Mexican's cue caught Nathan on the bridge of the nose and Nathan went down, limp. Minty palmed the Mexican's head and slammed his face into the pool table, then turned in time to catch each of the two coming off the bar with a fist in the throat. Another with a knife went airborne into a Corona mirror, which broke louder than his neck. Two more went down, one with a skull fractured by a billiard ball; one, his shoulder wrenched from its socket, went into shock. There were seven in all, broken or unconscious, before the cantina cleared and Minty, dripping blood from a cut on his arm, carried his father out. Momma met them at the hospital and stood with Minty as Nathan came around. â€Å"What are you doing here, you yellow-eyed freak?†Minty walked out of the room. Momma followed. â€Å"He don't mean it, baby. He really don't.†â€Å"I know, Momma.†â€Å"Where you going?†â€Å"Back to Vegas.†â€Å"You call when he sobers up. He'll want to talk to you.†â€Å"Call me if you need me, Momma,†he said. He kissed her on the forehead and walked out. She called him every week, and he could tell by her whisper that Nathan was home, was fine. It made him fine too – not M. F. Cool, just M.F., the one who handled things. All that was missing was the feeling of being needed, essential, bound to duty. Sam had said, â€Å"You have a mother, don't you?†Minty steered the limo off the next exit, across the overpass, and back on the highway, headed back to King's Lake. -=*=- It had taken Steve, the Buddhist monk, only a half hour to put the car back together. When Sam tried to figure out a way to pay for the repairs, Steve said, â€Å"All misery comes from desire and connection to the material. Go.†Sam said thanks. Now he was driving the Z into Utah. Calliope was asleep on Coyote's lap. Coyote snored. Sam passed the time trying to figure out how long it would take to get to Sturgis, South Dakota, the location of the rally that the Guild was going to. About twenty hours, he thought, if the car held together. From time to time he looked over at Calliope and felt a twinge of jealousy toward Coyote. She looked like a child when she slept. He wanted to protect her, hold her. But it was that childlike quality that frightened him as well. Her ability to dismiss facts, deny the negative, to see things so clearly, but so clearly wrong. It was as if she refused to accept what any reasonable adult knew: the world was a dangerous, hostile place. He brushed a strand of hair out of her face before looking back to the road. She murmured, and came awake with a yawn. â€Å"I was dreaming about sea turtles – that they were really dinosaur angels.†â€Å"And?†â€Å"That's all. It was a dream.†Sam had been thinking about it too long, so there was anger in his voice when he asked her, â€Å"Why didn't you call me before you went after Lonnie?†â€Å"I don't know.†â€Å"I was worried. If it weren't for Coyote, I would have never found you.†â€Å"Are you two related?†She seemed to be ignoring his anger. â€Å"You look a lot alike. He has the same eyes and skin.†â€Å"No, I just know him.†Sam didn't want to explain, he wanted an answer. â€Å"Why didn't you call me?†Calliope recoiled at his harshness. â€Å"I had to go get Grubb.†â€Å"I could have gone with you.†â€Å"Would you have? Is that what you wanted?†â€Å"I'm here, aren't I? It would have been a hell of a lot easier if I didn't have to chase you across two states.†â€Å"And maybe you wouldn't have done it if it was a hell of a lot easier. Would you?†The question, and her tone, threw him. He thought for a minute, looking at the road. â€Å"I don't know.†â€Å"I know,†she said softly. â€Å"I don't know much, but I know about that. You're not the only man that ever wanted me or wanted to rescue me. They all do, Sam. Men are addicted to the wanting. You like the idea of having me, and the idea of rescuing me. That's what attracted you to me in the first place, remember.†â€Å"That's not true.†â€Å"It is true. That's why I had sex with you so soon.†â€Å"I don't get it.†This was not at all how Sam had expected her to react. His brief moment of self-righteousness had degraded into self-doubt. â€Å"I did it to see if you could get past the fantasy of wanting me and rescuing me, to the reality of me. Me, with a baby, and no education, and a lousy job. Me, with no idea what I'm going to do next. I can't stand the wanting coming at me all the time. I have to get past it, like I did with you, or ignore it.†â€Å"So you were testing me?†Sam said. â€Å"That's why you took off without telling me?†â€Å"No, it wasn't a test. I liked you, but I have Grubb to take care of now. I can't afford to hope.†She was starting to tear up. Sam felt as if he'd just been caught stomping a litter of kittens. She took Grubb's blanket from behind the seat and wiped her eyes. â€Å"You okay?†Sam asked. She nodded. â€Å"Sometimes I want to be touched and I pretend that I'm in love – and that someone loves me. I just take my moments and forget about hope. You were going to be a moment, Sam. But I started to have hope. If I'd called you and you had said no, then I would have lost my hope again.†â€Å"That's not how I am,†Sam said. â€Å"How are you, then?†Sam drove in silence for a while, trying to think of something to say – the right thing to say. But that wasn't the answer either. He always knew the right thing to say to get what he wanted, or had until Coyote showed up. But now, he didn't know what he wanted. Calliope had declared wanting a mortal sin. Talking to a woman, to anyone, without having an agenda was completely foreign to him. Where was he supposed to speak from? What point of view? Who was he supposed to be? He was afraid to look at her, felt heat rise in his face when he thought about her looking at him, waiting. Maybe the truth? Where do you go to find the truth? She had found it, let it go at him. She had laid her hope in his hands and she was waiting to see what he would do with it. Finally he said, â€Å"I'm a full-blooded Crow Indian. I was raised on a reservation in Montana. When I was fifteen I killed a man and I ran away and I've spent my life pretending to be someone I'm not. I've never been married and I've never been in love and that's not something I know how to pretend. I'm not even sure why I'm here, except that you woke something up in me and it seemed to make sense to run after something instead of away for a change. If that's the horrible act of wanting, then so be it. And by the way, you are sitting on the lap of an ancient Indian god.†Now he looked at her. He was a little out of breath and his mind was racing, but he felt incredibly relieved. He felt like he needed a cigarette and a towel – and maybe a shower and breakfast. Calliope looked from Sam to Coyote, and then to Sam again. Her eyes were wider each time she looked back. Coyote stopped his snoring and languidly opened one eye. â€Å"Hi,†he said. He closed his eye and resumed snoring. Calliope bent over and kissed Sam's cheek. â€Å"I think that went well, don't you?†Sam laughed and grabbed her knee. â€Å"Look, we've still got twenty hours on the road and I'm going to need you to drive. So get some sleep, okay? I don't trust him at the wheel.†Sam nodded toward Coyote. â€Å"But he's a god,†Calliope said. â€Å"‘As flies to wanton boys, are we to the gods;/They kill us for their sport. â€Å" â€Å"What an icky thing to say.†â€Å"Sorry. Shakespeare wrote it. I can't get it out of my mind this week. It's like an old song that gets stuck.†â€Å"That happened to me once with ‘Rocky Raccoon. â€Å" â€Å"Right,†Sam said. â€Å"It's exactly like that.†CHAPTER 29 Shifting Sam drove through the day and into the night and finally stopped at a truck stop outside of Salt Lake City. Calliope and Coyote had been awake for the last few hours, but neither had spoken very much. Calliope seemed embarrassed about talking to the trickster, now that she knew he was a god, and Coyote just stared out the window, either lost in his own thoughts or (Sam thought this more likely) absorbed in some new scheme to throw people's lives into chaos. From time to time someone would break the silence by saying, â€Å"Pretty rock†– a statement which covered the complete observational spectrum for Utah's landscape – then they would lapse into silence for a half hour or so. Sam led them into the truck stop and they all took stools at a carousel counter among truckers and a couple of grungy hitchhikers who were hoping to cadge a ride. A barrel-shaped woman in an orange polyester uniform approached and poured them coffee without asking if they wanted it. Her name tag read, Arlene. â€Å"You want something to eat, honey?†she asked Calliope with an accent warm with Southern hospitality. Sam wondered about this: no matter where you go, truck-stop waitresses have a Southern accent. â€Å"Do you have oatmeal?†Calliope asked. â€Å"How 'bout a little brown sugar on that?†Arlene asked. She looked over rhinestone-framed reading glasses. Calliope smiled. â€Å"That would be nice.†â€Å"How 'bout you, darlin'?†she said to Coyote. â€Å"Drinks. Umbrellas and swords.†â€Å"Now you know better'n that – come into Mormon country and order drinks.†She shamed him with a wave of her finger. Coyote turned to Sam. â€Å"Mormon country?†â€Å"They settled in this area. They believe that Jesus visited the Indian people after he rose from the dead.†â€Å"Oh him. I remember him. Hairy face, made a big deal about dying and coming back to life – one time. Ha. He was funny. He tried to teach me how to walk on water. I can do it pretty good in the wintertime.†Arlene giggled girlishly. â€Å"I don't think you need any more to drink, hon. How 'bout some ham and eggs?†Sam said, â€Å"That'll be fine, two of those, over easy.†Sam watched Arlene move around the counter, flirting with some of the truckers like a saloon girl, clucking over others like a mother hen. She snuck a cinnamon roll to a scruffy teenage hitchhiker with no money and asked after him like an older sister, then moved across the counter and found the kid a ride with a gruff cowboy trucker. One minute she was swearing like a sailor, the next she was blushing like a virgin, and all the customers who sat at her counter got what they needed. Sam realized that he was watching a shape-shifter: a kind and giving creature. Perhaps he was meant to notice. Perhaps that was what he needed. She was good. Maybe he was too. He turned to Calliope and caught her in the middle of losing a bite of oatmeal down her chin. â€Å"We can do this,†he said. â€Å"We'll get him back.†â€Å"I know,†she said. â€Å"You do?†She nodded, wiping oatmeal off her chin with a napkin. â€Å"That's the scary thing about hope,†she said. â€Å"If you let it go too long it turns into faith.†She scooped another bite of cereal. Sam smiled. He wished that he shared her confidence. â€Å"Did you ever go to South Dakota with Lonnie? Will we be able to find them?†â€Å"I went to the big summer rally, not this time of year. They don't camp with the other bikers. They rent land from a farmer in the hills. All the Guild chapters stay together there.†â€Å"Could you find it again?†â€Å"I think so. But there's only one dirt road leading in there. How will we get Grubb out?†â€Å"Well, I guess just walking in and asking for him isn't going to work.†â€Å"They usually have guns. They get drunk and play shooting games.†Coyote said, â€Å"Wait for them to go to sleep, then sneak in and count coup.†â€Å"They don't really sleep,†Calliope said. â€Å"They do crank and drink all weekend.†â€Å"Then we will have to trick them.†â€Å"I was afraid you'd say that,†Sam said. He spun on his stool and looked out the windows of the truck stop to the gas pumps, where a black stretch Lincoln was just pulling away. -=*=- Sam woke up in the passenger seat. The Z was parked sideways on the side of the road, the headlights trained over a pasture. The driver's seat was empty. Coyote, who was curled up in the tiny space behind the seat, growled and popped his head out between the seat. â€Å"What's going on?†â€Å"I don't know.†Sam looked around for Calliope. It was raining out. â€Å"Maybe she stopped to take a leak.†â€Å"There she is.†Coyote pointed to a spot by the barbed-wire fence where Calliope was standing by a young calf, working furiously on something at the fence. A mother cow stood by watching. â€Å"The calf's tail is stuck on the barbed wire,†Coyote said. Sam opened the car door and stepped out into the rain just as Calliope finished untangling the calf, which scampered to its mother. â€Å"It's okay,†she called. â€Å"I got him.†She waved for him to get back into the car. She ran to the car and got in. â€Å"Sorry, I had to stop. He looked so sad.†â€Å"It's okay. Pasture pals, right?†Sam said. She grinned as she started the car. â€Å"I thought we could use the karma balance.†Sam looked for a road sign. â€Å"Where are we?†â€Å"Almost there. We have to get going. There's been a car behind us for a while. I got way ahead of it, but I felt like it was following us.†She pulled onto the road, ramming through the gears like a grand prix driver. Sam was peeking at the speedometer when he saw a colored light blow by in the corner of his eye. â€Å"What was that?†â€Å"The only stoplight in Sturgis,†Calliope said. â€Å"I'm sorry, guys, it sort of snuck up on me. The Z goes better than it stops.†â€Å"We're here already?†Sam said. â€Å"But it's still dark out.†â€Å"It's a few more miles to the farm,†Calliope said. â€Å"Sam, if a cop saw me go through that light can you take the wheel? My license is suspended.†Sam checked his watch, amazed at their progress. â€Å"You must have averaged ninety the whole way.†â€Å"I had to go to jail the last time they caught me. Three months. They taught me to do nails for vocational training.†â€Å"You did three months for a traffic violation?†â€Å"There were a few of them,†Calliope said. â€Å"It wasn't bad; I got a degree. I'm a certified nail technician now. In jail it was mostly LOVE/HATE nails, but I was good at it. I would have had a career except the polish fumes give me a headache.†Coyote pulled Grubb's blanket out of the hole in the back window and looked through. â€Å"It's clear. There's a car behind us but it's not a cop.†The sleeping town was only a block long – a stoplight with accessories. Calliope drove them through town and turned south on a county road that wound into the Black Hills. â€Å"It's a couple of minutes up this road to the turnoff, then about a mile in on a dirt road.†Sam said, â€Å"Turn off the lights when you make the turn. We'll drive halfway in and walk the rest of the way.†Calliope made the turn onto a single-lane dirt road that led through a thick stand of lodgepole pines. The road was deeply rutted, the ruts filled with water. The Z bucked and bottomed out in several places. â€Å"Keep it moving steady,†Sam said. â€Å"Don't hit the gas or the wheels will dig into the mud. Christ, it's dark.†â€Å"It's the trees,†Calliope said. â€Å"There's a clearing ahead where they camp.†Sam was trying to peer into the darkness. To his right he thought he saw something. â€Å"Stop.†Calliope let the Z roll to a stop. â€Å"Okay,†Sam said. â€Å"Hit the parking lights, just for a second.†Calliope clicked the parking lights on and off. â€Å"That's what I thought,†Sam said. â€Å"There's a cattle gate back there to the right. Back the Z in there so we can turn it around.†â€Å"Giving up?†Coyote said. â€Å"If we have to get out of here fast I don't want to have to back down this road.†He got out of the car and directed Calliope as she backed the Z in and turned it off. â€Å"We walk from here.†They got out of the car and started down the road, stepping between the puddles. The air was damp and cold, and smelled faintly of wood smoke and pine. When the moonlight broke through the trees they could see their breath. Calliope said, â€Å"Wait.†She turned and ran back to the car, then returned in a moment with Grubb's blanket in hand. â€Å"He'll want his wubby.†Sam smiled in spite of himself, knowing the girl couldn't see his face in the dark. Never face heavily armed bikers without your wubby. Coyote and Cottontail It's an old story. Coyote and his friend Cottontail were hiding on a wooded hill above a camp, watching some girls dance around the fire. Coyote said, â€Å"I'd sure like to get close to some of them.†â€Å"You won't get near them,†Cottontail said. â€Å"They know who you are.†â€Å"Maybe not, little one. Maybe not,†Coyote said. â€Å"I'll go down there in disguise.†â€Å"They won't let any man get close to them,†Cottontail said. â€Å"I won't be a man,†Coyote said. â€Å"Here, hold this.†Coyote took off his penis and handed it to Cottontail. â€Å"Now, when I come back into the woods I will call to you and you can bring me my penis.†Then Coyote changed into an old woman and went down to the camp. He danced with the girls and pinched them and slapped their bottoms. â€Å"Oh, Grandmother,†the girls said, â€Å"you are wicked. You must be that old trickster Coyote.†â€Å"I'm just an old woman,†Coyote said. â€Å"Here, feel under my dress.†One of the girls felt under Coyote's dress and said, â€Å"She is just an old woman.†Coyote pointed to two of the prettiest girls. â€Å"Let's dance in the trees,†he said. He danced with the girls into the woods and tickled them and made them roll around with him laughing. He touched them under their dresses until they said, â€Å"Oh, Grandmother, you are wicked.†â€Å"Cottontail, come here!†Coyote called. But there was no answer. â€Å"Wait here for your old grandmother to return,†Coyote told the girls. He ran all over the woods calling for Cottontail, but could not find him. He went over that hill to the next one and still no Cottontail. He was excited and wanted very much to have sex with the girls, but alas, he could not find his penis. Finally the sun started coming up and the girls called, â€Å"Old Grandmother, we can't wait for you any longer. We have to go home.†Coyote stalked the hills cursing. â€Å"That Cottontail, I will kill him for stealing my penis.†As he walked he passed three other girls coming out of the woods. They were giggling and one of them was saying, â€Å"He was so little, but he had such a big thing I thought I would split.†Coyote ran in the direction the girls had come from and found Cottontail sitting under a tree having a smoke â€Å"I'll kill you, you little thief,†Coyote cried. â€Å"But Coyote, I pleasured the three many times and four times I made each of them cry out.†Coyote was too tired from tickling and dancing all night to stay mad. â€Å"Really, four times each?†â€Å"Yep,†Cottontail said, handing Coyote his member. â€Å"I feel like I was there,†Coyote said. â€Å"You got a smoke?†â€Å"Sure,†said Cottontail. â€Å"Are you going to need your penis tonight?†Coyote laughed and smoked with Cottontail while his little friend told the story of his long night of pleasuring.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Organizational Structure Essay
An organizational structure is a composition that specifies a company’s hierarchical structure. There are various kinds of conformations that organizations can choose to build their business around. The organizational structure exemplifies the way in which control and business affairs have been appointed within the organization. Organizational structure encompasses the design of an organization though people positioning and responsibilities in order for organizational goals can be reached. Some of the time, a formal structure is not necessary due to a small informal business setting. In large organization responsibilities must be distributed. Hence, the reason that policies and procedures are established that assign responsibilities for numerous positions. The determination of these organizational functions (such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations) influence and determine the organizational structure of your an organization. The three main types of organiza tional structures are functional structure, divisional structure, and matrix structure. Divisional Structure The structure that an organization is based around also is contingent on the enormity of the company. Divisional structure separates the faculty based on the commodity and customer demand verses geographical location. For example, each area within the organization is accountable for certain divisions. Each division has individual support systems such as finance department, marketing department, warehouse department, and maintenance department. Divisional structure is grants flexibility and is a decentralized structure. Divisional structure also grants quick adaptability to geographical changes. Divisional structure embellishes advancements in the market and industry and allows for various plans of action. However, this structure causes replication of resources due to each unit having the necessity of every resource. PepsiCo’s Organizational Design An example of an organization design around divisional structure is PepsiCo. PepsiCo is a flexible company that is constantly looking for new innovations and consistently adapts to the geographical market. PepsiCo has a decentralized organizational structure. The functional determinations are made in individual units with corporate control and direction. PepsiCo has one CEO and three division presidents. The company’s hierarchical structure continues as each division is broken down into market units. Each market unit has a director. Furthermore each market unit is divided into regional units, then down the chain to sales units. Each unit has its own resources, such as marketing, finance, human resources, and operations departments. PepsiCo determines responsibilities by departmentalization. Departmentalization is a conglomeration of common duties and characterization of tasks. The influences of departmentalization are function, product, geographic, process and customer. PepsiCo maintains a span of control by making sure of correct distribution of responsibility among employees and task obligations are accounted for. For example, units are tasked with weekly, monthly, quarterly, and yearly forecast for sales, operations, overhead, and labor. Reports are sent weekly to account for these actions. Human resources departments are in each division to ensure control over the organization. There are guidelines and procedures in place to ensure the rules are being followed across the globe. Formalization sets the standard for the administered responsibility. Each unit at PepsiCo has management teams in place to ensure control of task performances. For example, a if a location has been tasked with a 1,000 case distribution for week one in the period and the sales teams are severely falling short on sales, management will step in to centralize the issue, reiterate the method of actions, and ensure the actions are conducted in a certain manner to achieve results. PepsiCo is multinational organization made up of three units which are PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Americas Beverages and PepsiCo International. This structure allows the organization to focus on manifesting international markets, which will grant independence revenues, enabling focus on better product advancement. The organization is spread across the globe. However, the control is local, unlike a matrix structure that is located only in a single area (PepsiCo 2012). Matrix Structure A matrix structure formalizes line teams as well as the typical divisional hierarchy. The matrix structure is a hybrid between the functional and divisional structure, effectively creating independent business units for each product or service created or each unique market targeted. The matrix-structured organization is a project-based business that divides individual groups based on functional specializations. Variation of the matrix structure divides the authority by both functional and project areas. The functional manager heads up the functional areas of the organization. The project supervisor oversees the assigned project. This allows for management to focus on areas of proficiency. Companies such as General Motors has based its organization around the matrix structure due to the ability to specialize in specific areas, and organizational communication through other fields. General Motors believes the differentiation of ideas creates innovational determinations. The matrix structure also allows the human resources department to be shared throughout the organization. General Motors is made up of one main chief information officer (CIO) and several divisional CIOs that control the functionalities in the organization. General Motors also has process information officers that work in various areas of expertise across the organization. General Motors believes the matrix structure develops global commercialism (Daft 2007). Functional Structure Functional Structured organizations group tasks according to the target. Functional structured organizations work well for organizations that have a need for departments to rely on expertise of its faculty. A major disadvantage to a functional structured organization is the communication boundaries due to variation in departments that work individually. One company that a functional structure works well is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is one of America’s largest retailers. Wal-Mart is designed by a functional structure. Wal-Mart’s target market is a consumer with median incomes. Wal-Mart has a limited amount of functions in specialized areas with in the organization. Wal-Mart does not produce its goods, but has enough buying power to supply the demanded products. The organizational structure and large size enables the buying power to purchase goods at low prices. This buying power enables Wal-Mart to offer its target market lower prices creating a competitive edge over other retailers. A functional structured organization; such as Wal-Mart have a chief executive officer, limited executive staff, and department heads in domineering areas of expertise such as accounting, marketing, human resources and warehouse. Wal-Mart’s headquarters and executive staff is made up of a Chief of Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board and Board of Directors, with supporting committees. Conclusion Determining an organizations structural design that will be the most effective for a specific company has great significance on organizational success. Using an unsuitable design structure can be consequential in communication, product development, customer service, and countless situations of other organizational issues. Organizational structure can determine the successful outcome of the organization. Reference Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World (ninth ed.). New York, NY: McGrall Hill. Retrieved May 7, 2012 (2012). PepsiCo. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from www.pepsico.com Daft, Richard (2007). Organizational Theory and Design (ninth ed.). Manson, OH: Thompson Higher Education. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Oh No Not I essays
Oh No Not I essays We will now discuss in a little more detail the struggle of existence. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution is one of the greatest contributions ever made to science. Throughout his life he had wrote some 160 books and essays on the subject. Many of his findings were controversial around the world. As you will see he endured the criticism of the scientific community and the church often calling his work offensive and blasphemous, only to learn later that his theories were indeed correct. This essay is intended to give you a better understanding of possibly one of the greatest minds of his and our times. Charles Darwin was born in Shropshire, England on February 12th 1809. His Father Robert was a physician and his mother was the daughter of a famous china maker. In his early years of school Charles was not considered a very good student, many years later was quoted as saying I believe that I was considered by all my masters and by my father as a very ordinary boy, rather below the common intelligence. In 1825 Darwin went to Edinburgh Medical School and soon realized that medicine was not for him and eventually left, stating two major reasons for his departure....he could not stand the sight of blood and found medicine boring. In 1882 Darwin went to Cambridge University to study the bible and to become a priest and eventually graduates with a degree in Theology. On Dec 27, 1831 Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle across the Atlantic and to South America and back. Darwin job was to collect specimens of plants, animals, rocks and fossils and to make surveys and notes at each place they visited. Soon enough the Beagle was crammed full of specimen crates and boxes that were being regularly shipped back to England. Darwin was amazed at his first walks in a tropical rain forest where nearby he found the huge fossilized head on an extinct giant sloth. Later i...
Monday, October 21, 2019
The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays
The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper social life fashion and learning . So, English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. The changes that occurred during this period may be noted in every aspect of the language : in its sounds, in the meanings of its words and in the nature of word stock, where many Old English words were replaced by French ones( like cafe and chef). Also, many of the grammatical distinctions of the Old English period disappeared. Medieval Culture The Middle Ages saw the emergence of great changes in English culture. The violent times of the Dark Ages had led to a primitive society lacking in elegance or refinement . The Middle Ages saw society changing due to the influence from various foreign cultures . The Characteristics of the Medieval Culture The society was organized as a pyramid of sorts. The nobles were at the top, with a great many peasants at the bottom. Peasants worked on the land and lived in rough huts, which they often shared with their animals. They slept on straw mattresses on the floor. In the middle were the scientists, merchants, craftsmen. Attitudes towards women changed. Now, women were treated with respect. But, women were seen as helpless, beautiful, and pure . In Europe during the Middle Ages the only recognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. The Normans were tremendous builders of castles built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. The Linguistic Features of the ME Middle English spelling Consonants Most of the Old English consonant sounds remained unchanged in Middle English. Important spelling differences occur, however, most of them due to Anglo-Norman influence Some of the apparent innovations in middle English spelling were ,in fact, a return to earlier conventions. For example the diagraph th that had been used in some of the earliest English text but was replaced in later Old English by writing by ? and ? ; during the Middle English period ,th was gradually reintroduced again . Similarly, uu ,used for [w] in early manuscripts was brought back to England by Noman scribes in a ligatured form as w. The consonantal sound [v] did not occur initially in Old English . All Middle English words with initial v have been taken from Latin or French such as very, voice (French) ,vocal, vulgar (Latin). Ch was used in Middle English under French influence, to indicate the initial sound of child ,which in Old English had been spilled simply with c as in cild. The Old English hw (as in hw? t) was replaced by the Middle English wh (as in what) . The Old English cw (as in cwen ) was replaced by the Middle English qu (queen). French language was responsible for the Middle English spelling qu. The old English cg (ecg edge) was replaced by French gg in Middle English as egge edge. Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Vowels To indicate vowel length ,Middle English writing frequently employed double letters( e. g ee or oo). Final unstressed e following a single consonant also indicated vowel length in Middle English, as in fode (food) and fede (to feed). Short u in Old English was written o during the latter part of Middle English period if m,n,u were contiguous . The Middle English writings sone (son) and sonne (sun), thus indicate the same vowel sound [U] in old English respectively sunu and sunne. O for u servives in a number of Modern English words as son, come (OE cuman) and love (OE lufu). The French spelling ou was used to represent Old English long u(and sometimes short) as hous(OE hu? s) . In older inscriptions, documents, works and texts (nearer to Old English), you may find vowels with a macron (a bar) written above (like name). The macron simply tells you that the vowel is long, and follows the pronunciation guides above for long vowels. Also, any vowel written double (aa, ee, oo, uu) is long Middle English Pronunciation Middle English Consonants Most consonant sounds act like English. Since consonants in most words are nearly identical to their Modern English counterparts, lets focus on the differences. ?By default, the letters /th/ and /f/ are voiceless like in thing and fish. They are only voiced (like this and of) between two vowels: ferne, fowles, forward, oft VS. yfe, ofer, efer that, thoghte, thonder VS. bathen, sothe, fother ?The combination /wh/ represents the sound of h + w (like h) pronounced just before the start of the Modern English version of the word): whanne, what, who ? The letter /s/ sounds like seem, unless its between two vowels, then its like please:seyde, sothe VS. cosin. ?The sound of /r/ is typically trilled, like Spanish r :rood, ferne ? Initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- still pronounced: ME gnat, gnawen, knowen, knave ? Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Many words were borrowed from Old French (and much less frequently from Latin) beginning with[v] (for instance ,veal ,virtue ,visit) and later with [z]( for instance,zeal,zodiac). Middle English Vowels ?Long /a/ sounds like a lengthened version of father (pronounced for a slightly longer time). Short /a/ sounds more like pat:name (or naame) VS. bak ? Long /e/ sometimes sounds like the /e/ of they and other times like the /e/ of let (both sounds held out for a longer time). Short /e/ sounds like let:sweete, breeth, mete VS. tendre ? Long /i/ or /y/ sounds like seem, while short /i/ or /y/ sounds like sit or seem pronounced for a shorter amount of time: my, ire VS. ynogh ? Long /o/ sometimes sounds like boo and other times like British rock (both for a slightly longer time). Short /o/ always sounds like the /o/ in British rock: good, wo VS. oft, holt ? Long /u/ sounds like cue, while short /u/ sounds like full:nature VS. unstraunge ? The final e on many words may be sounded if it helps the meter of an individual line. ?E. g. , When that Aprille with his shoures sote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade, between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries, was the largest forced migration in the history of mankind. This migration was distinct from others of the kind, in terms of its begrudging nature, record breaking mortality rates and the alienation of generations from their roots. This essay aims to explore the various factors that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade political, technological, social and economic.It also analyses the profitability of the trade from the viewpoint of the various stakeholders entangled in this epic trade network kings, slave traders and dilemma, planters and ordinary consumers. POLITICAL FACTORS The yearning of the Europeans especially Portuguese, Spanish, British and the Dutch for exploration, colonization and imperialism was a major factor in expanding the slave trade networks in the Atlantic. As discussed by Timothy P.Grady in the book The Atlantic World 1450-2000, explorers from Portugal, Spain and other European nations expanded the geographic knowledge southward along the coast of Africa and westward across the Atlantic shores of the Americas . The urge for this exploration was triggered by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last vestige of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the fortitude of the European countries and the Christian faith. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean region deprived European merchants of the lucrative trade routes along the Silk Road to the East. The threat of lost communication and trade routes across the Mediterranean into China, India and other regions of eastern Asia and lost access to silk and other precious commodities carried along this route, forced Europeans to explore alternate trade routes to Asia by turning westward for new opportunities. Discovery of new routes west of Europe through the Atlantic, led to European arrival off West coast of Africa in the late fifteenth century.By mid seventeenth century, the coast line of West Africa was infiltrated by fifty forts and slave trading posts of competing European countries Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany dividing the coastline into -? Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political set up in Africa also facilitated slave trade. Africa was divided into a number of small and l arge states, chieftains and independent villages each with their own form of government, religion, customs and radiations. These territories often fought with each other and the captives of war were taken as slaves. Such conflicts were justified wars which according to Warren. C. Whitley was natural struggles Of nation building conducted in the normal course of affairs. The captives referred to as joint-products of war or stolen goods were then exported. With the advent of the Europeans, domestic conflicts became slave raids. As Robin Law asserted, the Kingdom of Doomed dominated the slave raiding and trading from 1 715 to 1850. Their kings held a royal monopoly on the trade and conducted slave aids through their armies. Thus the political ambitions of the European and African monarchy led to the development of the slave trade. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS The developments in technology and its impact on navigation, ship building, and firearms aided the growth in Atlantic slave trade. Navigation The desire for exploration spurred European scholars, navigators and sailors to expand their knowledge of geography and devise new ways of charting and mapping their journeys. Increased use of the hour glass and logs to measure time and distance and the Portola charts clearly documented navigation.In 1462, the Portuguese navigators devised methods of figuring out latitudes by measuring the height of the Pole Star above the horizon. Later in 1484, astronomers in the court of King Jiao II, using the midday sun to figure latitudes, produced a set Of declination tables. Under the patronage of prince Henry of Portugal, other significant developments were made in the study of winds, tides and ocean currents; documents fro m previous explorations were compiled and maps and charts were continuously improved. Thus a good number of problems associated with navigation were resolved by late fifteenth century.As navigation across the great oceans became manageable, the transportation of the slaves between the continents Europe, Africa and America became less complicated. Ship Building The changes to the design and functionalities of the European ships were another major factor that contributed to the expansion of Atlantic slave trade. Between the fourteenth and mid- nineteenth centuries, sailing ships were the main means of transport of the slaves. These sailing ships kept changing over time in terms of design, fittings, equipments and materials used as sail. SE of here to four masts, sturdy hull, square latten and sprit sails, and stern rudder enhanced their sailing power, speed and eased control of the ships in wild weather conditions. Small ships such as the caravel, highly unbearable ships introduced in the fifteenth century encouraged the Portuguese to explore regions around West Afric an coast such as Senegal and Cape Verve and Canary islands to secure staples, gold and slaves. Other ships designed by Portuguese for travel in the Atlantic Ocean were the cracks, four master ships and the galleon, heavily armed multi deck sailing ships.The ships also ere in size and multi decks were able to accommodate larger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This increased to 130 tons in 1 790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The supremacy of Europe in the slave trade was driven by its guns, cannons and restraints. They used a variety of weapons to threaten the slaves and the enemy ships at sea, to maintain control both on land and at sea. The diffusion of the new gunpowder technology accelerated the slave trade. The African communities, threatened by armed neighbors, resorted to trading the patties for gunpowder, guns and muskets.In the words of Warren. C. Whitley, the vicious cycle, a raid or be raided arms race known as the Gun- Slave-Cycle was created. The replacement of the ineffective matchlock musket by the flintlock nil 6805, drastically increased firearms demand in West Africa. According to J. E. Nikkei, the firearms imported from England during the eighteenth century were between 283,000 and 394,000 guns per annum. The demand for firearms from West Africa was so high that manufacturing companies such as Farmer and Gallon were forced to pressurize their workers to increase production.The demand for firearms was matched by supply of slaves. The developments in restraining technology aided the slave trade in terms of terrorizing the slaves and reducing escapes. The restraints used in the trade included, neck restraints, iron collars linked by chains, tongue restraints and leg and wrist shackles to trammel movement. The ability to stow more slaves per cubic foot of the ship, ability to navigate better around the coast Of Africa, the reduction in escapees due to draconian restraints, and the organization of forts around the coast to lodge the captives helped to reduce costs and promote trade.SOCIAL FACTORS African Demand for goods from Europe The introduction of a wide range of consumption goods in West Africa, the possession officio was a matter of social status and power, was another factor leading to the development of Atlantic slave trade. The African demand for iron and copper bars, textiles, salt, earthenware, weapons and firearms, rum, wine, gin and cowries shells and a variety of both European and oriental goods had a profound impact on slave trade. The demands for these goods were so high that the European suppliers could not cope with the increased demand.J. E. Nikkei commented that firearms and textiles were in such high demand by the slave traders that they were not prepared to clear their slave cargo, if they were not satisfied with the quantity of supply of these items of trade. The merchants were willing to trade their morality to capture slaves in exchange for European goods. Alan Rice clearly identifies this when he asserts, The desire for luxury goods was so great that these African elites would consign war captives and domestic slaves to an unknown fate across the ocean in exchange for them. Growth in Slave trading institutions Growth in social institutions to perform a more organized slave trade was a key factor in Atlantic slave trade. The increase in demand and prices of slaves encouraged the development of various institutions to address the issues associated with the trade capture, enslavement, seasoning, trade, regulations and taxation. The merchants explored new ways of trapping the slaves deception, kidnapping, ambush attacks, promoting conflicts between villages and the pretence of family substitution for the runaways.The kidnap of Aloud Equation in asses in his words, One day when all our people were one out to their works as usual and only I and my sister were left to mind the house, two men and woman got over our walls and in a moment seized us both And ran off with us into the nearest wood. The drought and famine in Africa due to marginal rainfalls in the Savannah areas Angola and the grasslands extending from Assignment to Cameron, forced despoiling families to sell themselves. People were too poor to survive and offered themselves as collateral for credits.Non repayment made them slaves. Development of enforcement mechanisms also encouraged the slave trade. Credit was offered to slave traders to cover costs of acquiring transporting and housing slaves until they were boarded on the ships. Other types of such mechanisms, described by Warren. C. Whitley were the use of factories and forts as holding pens and warehouses, African canoe houses and other trade coalitions, secret societies and treaties between European and African nations.The cycle of violence to hunt down the slaves continued leading to an upsurge in slave trade The decline in population in the Americas This was another important factor that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade. With the European colonization of the Americas, there was a growth in mining and plantations in the islands between North and South America and the labor demands were met by native Indians. The massive mortality rates of the natives due to poor working conditions and new European and African diseases such as measles, small pox, the plague, influenza, malaria and yellow fever led to decline in the population of Americas.Figure 1 presents data on the drastic decline in population in Americas which led to a decline in labor. The Europeans now turned to the Negroes in Africa for l abor. They soon found that the African slaves were more productive and the output quadrupled. Shiploads of slaves were exported to work in these American islands and soon the slave trade was transformed from a marginal institution to a global phenomenon. ECONOMIC FACTORS Growth in Plantations The development of Atlantic slave trade stemmed from the growth in plantation agriculture such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea and rice in the New World.The demand for plantation workers in sixteenth century Brazil, seventeenth century Caribbean and nineteenth century Cuba instigated slave supply from Africa. The intensity of the growth in plantations could be seen in small islands like Barbados. By 1650 Barbados had 300 plantations which multiplied to 900 by 1670, a rate of 100% per annum. The growing demand for sugar, multiplying at a compound rate of 5% per annum in the seventeenth century to about 10% in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for African slaves to work in the sugar plantations in the New World lands.As H. Hoboes puts it, nonfood became responsible for the Fractionation of the Caribbean. This small group of islands accounted for 80% of the sugar and slave trade until the eighteenth century. The slave labor for majority of these plantations was secured from Africa through the Atlantic. As plantations became the expanded into a global trade network, so did the Atlantic slave trade. Slave Trade and Profitability There were various groups of stakeholders in the Atlantic Slave trade who participated in it due to the profitability from the trade in slaves.African Rulers profited in terms of taxes and custom duties paid by the European merchants. They were given the first choice of any merchandise that was brought into Africa for trade and were able to bargain lower prices for these goods. The rulers also commanded premium prices for their own slaves. They also received considerable gifts from the merchants in order to secure preferential trading agreements. Idaho, a coastal town in Benign, West Africa was a strong European trading post since 1720 and was accessed by forty to fifty European trading vessels per year.Hence the ruler who started off with ten slaves in exchange for opening his market in 1 700 was able to command a higher price of twenty slaves by 1720. This was in addition to the privileges in the purchase or sale of the commodities which included the slaves as well. According to Miles Osborn, by 18005 the rulers in Africa Were able to obtain goods for each slave worth three or four times as much in 1700. Both African and European slave traders were paid well. Overwhelmed by the profits from slave exports, wealthy merchants both in Africa and Europe, expanded slave trading networks to prodigious numbers.Figure 2 analyses changes in supply by African slave merchants in response to changes in prices. The data reveals that the supply increased as price increased. Hence, the largest emigration of slaves in the eighteenth century can be attributed to the increase in price from E 14 to EYE. Between the years 1 779 and 1788, there was a decrease in demand for slaves due to the War of American Independence. This created excess supply of slaves in the African coast. Hence the planter in Americas started restocking their slave supply. The European slave traders capitalized on this by securing supply at cheaper prices from Africa and selling higher prices in the Americas; thereby making abnormal profits between these years. Thus slave trade allowed African and European slave traders to maximize profits from the trade. The consumers of Europe profited in terms of cheaper commodity prices due to increased output by African slaves in the plantations. Figure 3 presents data on the production of sugar and tobacco by British colonies.The increased volume of production of these commodities reduced their prices much to the favor of European consumers. Tobacco which fetched twenty to forty shillings In 1619 was sold for a shilling or less while the price of sugar halved be;en 1 630 and 1680. Thus the consumers were able to enjoy the luxury of these commodities at affordable prices. The planters were another group of stakeholders in the trade who profited in their own way. Labor became heap and more available due to Atlantic Slave trade.The planters always worked with a motive of profitable exploitation of the factors of production, especially labor and work was dictated by discipline and violence. Successful planters were able to create immense wealth and have extravagant lifestyles. While the slaves slogged day and night in the plantations, the owners were able to retreat in the Great Houses built on commanding positions, with beautiful gardens, imported china, furniture and furnishings. The fortune and lifestyle of Sir Charles price, the largest land and slave owner of Jamaica teen 1 738 and 1772 demonstrates the height of planter lifestyles. The Decoy, the Great House he built was a mansion with magnificent rooms with mirrors and wood carving in the dcore, lakes and parks around the house and elegant gardens with fruits, flowers and vegetables. CONCLUSION This essay has clearly illustrated the factors that led to the development of the Atlantic Slave trade. Penthouse the political set up in Europe and Africa and the growth in plantations laid the foundation for the trade, it was the technological developments and social influences on the Europeans and Africans that took the trade to global heights.Overall, the technological improvements lowered transport, handling and shipping costs enabling the achievement of economies of scale. Similarly, the growing demand for goods from Europe in Africa, the growth in slave trading institutions and the decline in Americas population fostered the slave trade. Finally, the profitability from the trade influenced various groups of stakeholders to become intensely involved making it an international trade spanning four continents and altering their social, economic and political composition.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Assassination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Assassination - Essay Example Other incidents include unauthorized airplanes passing over the White House and in given situation, an aircraft crashing into the house. Plans to utilize planes seem most application for the assassins since the ground is somehow well guarded and the only place they can reach the presidents is using the planes to strike the White House. Other characteristics of assassinsare the use of threats, comprising armed assaults and bombings, dreaded kidnaping and captive-taking, assassination plots, alongside direct, strikes on the presidents (Jost & Sidanius 78). On the other hand, some assassins sometimes form organized groups that take part of some regions in opposition to the president’s leadership or just greed for power. Such incidences occur regular accompanied by kidnapping of children while on vacation like the incident of President Cleveland. Another example is the September 11, 2001 where the attackers used different planes to strike different buildings (Jost & Sidanius 123). The three categories of motivations for Non-Presidential assassinations depend on some objectives but not all of them possess the past US model. The categories are based on assassinations as a way through which politicalelite replaces the existing government without influencing systemic or usualchange. The second category is those with reasons to harm the legality of controlling the elite and influencing the system or ideological amendments and lastly categorized based on propaganda of encouraging ideology (Jost & Sidanius
Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26
Personal Statement Example It was about abortion. I have to say that my friend was not married, and her boyfriend, quickly packed up and did not forget to turn off the phone, when he heard the glad tidings. However, my friend was worrying about him in last term. Much more struck to her was mother’s answer. By the way, her mother, though being rich women, is extremely overbearing and often rigid; she is also a fanatical opponent of relationships before marriage. Accordingly, my friend, relying for the support and understanding, alienated upon the stumbled recommendation of an abortion. She was not able to make this decision alone, so she asked to help her. I tried to ignore the personalities and analyse the situation regardless of the identity. The first thing I thought about was the financial side of the issue - not in term of operation, but in term of maintenance of the child. It could be a bit difficult, but possible. By myself I know that people rarely can not give up anything in their life, when it comes to higher-priority things. For example, my friend will have to forget for a while about a career and reduce her considerable demands, what in my opinion is not the most terrible tragedy. By the way, her mother, likely, was shocked by such a confession too, but, as the further story would show, it was not her final decision. In addition, if the issue of abortion is discussed, it emphasizes that my friend ranges between what she wants minutely (to solve all problems at one moment), and the voice of the woman’s instincts and heart. So, if she make the correct choice, the child would not be unnecessary. Here I should say that I am almost a principled opponent of abortion, but rarely prevent people from breaking their own lives, believing that everyone has to go through their own mistakes. Especially, if a particular person is sacred sure that his opinion is the only true one. I should say that both of
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