Women Role in Society in Uzbekistan free essay sample

The number of inhabitants in Uzbekistan is exceedingly youthful. In the mid 1990s, about a large portion of the populace was under nineteen years old. Specialists anticipated that this segment pattern should proceed for quite a while in light of the fact that Uzbekistans populace development rate has been very high for as far back as century: just before the breakdown of the Soviet Union, just Tajikistan had a higher development rate among the Soviet republics. Somewhere in the range of 1897 and 1991, the number of inhabitants in the district cap is currently Uzbekistan more than quintupled, while the number of inhabitants in the whole region of the previous Soviet Union had not exactly multiplied. In 1991 the characteristic pace of populace increment (the birth rate less the demise rate) in Uzbekistan was 28. 3 for each 1,000more than multiple times that of the Soviet Union all in all, and an expansion from ten years sooner (see table 2, Appendix). These qualities are particularly a rticulated in the Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan (the Uzbek structure for which is Qoroqalpoghiston Respublikasi), Uzbekistans westernmost area. In 1936, as a major aspect of Stalins nationality strategy, the Karakalpaks (a Turkic Muslim gathering whose name truly implies dark cap) were given their own region in western Uzbekistan, which was proclaimed a self-governing Soviet communist republic to characterize its ethnic contrasts while keeping up it inside the republic of Uzbekistan. In 1992 Karakalpakstan got republic status inside autonomous Uzbekistan. Since that time, the focal government in Tashkent has kept up pressure and tight monetary ties that have shielded the republic from applying full freedom. Today, the number of inhabitants in Karakalpakstan is around 1. 3 million individuals who live on a region of around 168,000 square kilometers. Situated in the prolific lower compasses of the Amu Darya where the stream discharges into the Aral Sea, Karakalpakstan has a long history of water system horticulture. Right now, notwithstanding, the contracting of the Aral Sea has made Karakalpakstan one of the least fortunate and most ecologically crushed pieces of Uzbekistan, if not the whole previous Soviet Union. Since the number of inhabitants in that area is a lot more youthful than the national normal (as per the 1989 statistics, about seventy five percent of the populace was more youthful than twenty-nine years), the pace of populace development is very high. In 1991 the pace of regular development in Karakalpakstan was supposedly in excess of thirty births for every 1,000 and somewhat higher in the republics provincial zones. Karakalpakstan is additionally more country than Uzbekistan all in all, with a portion of its authoritative locales (rayony ; sing. , rayon ) having just towns and no urban centersan strange circumstance in a previous Soviet republic. The development of Uzbekistans populace was in some part due to in-relocation from different pieces of the previous Soviet Union. A few influxes of Russian and Slavic in-transients showed up at different occasions because of the industrialization of Uzbekistan in the early piece of the Soviet time frame, following the clearings of European Russia during World War II, and in the late 1960s to help reproduce Tashkent after the 1966 quake. At different occasions, non-Uzbeks showed up essentially to make the most of chances they saw in Central Asia. As of late, be that as it may, Uzbekistan has started to observe a net displacement of its European populace. This is particularly valid for Russians, who have confronted expanded separation and vulnerability since 1991 and look for a progressively secure condition in Russia. Since a large portion of Uzbekistans populace development has been owing to high paces of characteristic increment, the resettlement of Europeans is relied upon to have little effect on the general size and segment structure of Uzbekistans populace. Demographers venture that the populace, as of now developing at around 2. percent every year, will increment by 500,000 to 600,000 yearly between the mid-1990s and the year 2010. In this manner, continuously 2005 in any event 30 million individuals will live in Uzbekistan. High development rates are relied upon to offer ascent to progressively sharp populace pressures that will surpass those accomplished by most other previous Soviet republics. In reality, five of th e eight most thickly populated areas of the previous Soviet UnionAndijon, Farghona, Tashkent, Namangan, and Khorazmare situated in Uzbekistan, and populaces keep on developing quickly in each of the five. In 1993 the normal populace thickness of Uzbekistan was around 48. occupants per square kilometer, contrasted and a proportion of less than six occupants for every square kilometer in neighboring Kazakstan. The appropriation of arable land in 1989 was evaluated at just 0. 15 hectares for each individual. In the mid 1990s, Uzbekistans populace development had an inexorably negative effect on the earth, on the economy, and on the potential for expanded ethnic strain. lt;gt;Ethnic Composition Updated populace figures for Uzbekistan. UzbekistanUzbekistan Ethnic CompositionUzbekistan Population pressures have exacerbated ethnic strains. In 1995 around 71 percent of Uzbekistans populace was Uzbek. The main minority bunches were Russians (somewhat in excess of 8 percent), Tajiks (authoritatively right around 5 percent, however accepted to be a lot higher), Kazaks (around 4 percent), Tatars (around 2. 5 percent), and Karakalpaks (marginally in excess of 2 percent). In the mid-1990s, Uzbekistan was getting progressively homogeneous, as the outpouring of Russians and different minorities keeps on expanding and as Uzbeks come back from different pieces of the previous Soviet Union. As indicated by informal information, somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1991 the quantity of nonindigenous people in Uzbekistan declined from 2. to 1. 6 million. The expansion in the indigenous populace and the resettlement of Europeans have expanded the self-assurance and regularly the self-emphaticness of indigenous Uzbeks, just as the feeling of weakness among the Russians in Uzbekistan. The Russian populace, as previous colonizers, was hes itant to get familiar with the nearby language or to adjust to neighborhood control in the post-Soviet period. In mid 1992, popular supposition overviews recommended that most Russians in Uzbekistan felt more shaky and dreadful than they had before Uzbek autonomy. The incongruity of this ethnic circumstance is that a considerable lot of these Central Asian ethnic gatherings in Uzbekistan were falsely made and outlined by Soviet fiat in any case. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, there was little feeling of a Uzbek nationhood in that capacity; rather, life was sorted out around the clan or group (see Entering the Twentieth Century, this ch. ). Until the twentieth century, the number of inhabitants in what is today Uzbekistan was administered by the different khans who had vanquished the locale in the sixteenth century. Be that as it may, Soviet standard, and the formation of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in October 1924, eventually made and set another sort of Uzbek character. Simultaneously, the Soviet arrangement of cutting across existing ethnic and semantic lines in the area to make Uzbekistan and the other new republics additionally planted strain and hardship among the Central Asian gatherings that occupied the district. Specifically, the region of Uzbekistan was attracted to incorporate the two primary Tajik social focuses, Bukhoro and Samarqand, just as parts of the Fergana Valley to which other ethnic gatherings could lay case. This correction of ethnic governmental issues caused ill will and regional cases among Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, and others through a great part of the Soviet period, yet clashes became particularly sharp after the breakdown of focal Soviet guideline. The worries of the Soviet time frame were available among Uzbekistans ethnic gatherings in financial, political, and social circles. An episode of viciousness in the Fergana Valley among Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks in June 1989 guaranteed around 100 lives. That contention was trailed by comparable episodes of viciousness in different pieces of the Fergana Valley and somewhere else. The common clash in neighboring Tajikistan, which likewise includes ethnic threats, has been seen in Uzbekistan (and introduced by the Uzbekistani government) as an outer danger that could incite further ethnic clash inside Uzbekistan. A large number of Uzbeks living in Tajikistan have fled the common war there and relocated back to Uzbekistan, for instance, similarly as a huge number of Russians and different Slavs have left Uzbekistan for northern Kazakstan or Russia. Crimean Tatars, ousted to Uzbekistan toward the finish of World War II, are relocating out of Uzbekistan to come back to the Crimea. Two ethnic splits may assume a significant job later on for Uzbekistan. The first is the possible association of the rest of the Russians with the Uzbek larger part. Generally, this relationship has been founded on dread, frontier strength, and an immense contrast in qualities and standards between the two populaces. The subsequent faction is among the Central Asians themselves. The aftereffects of a 1993 popular conclusion overview recommend that even at an individual level, the different Central Asian and Muslim people group frequently show as much carefulness and animosity toward one another as they do toward the Russians in their middle. When asked, for instance, whom they might not want to have as a child or little girl in-law, the extent of Uzbek respondents naming Kyrgyz and Kazaks as unfortunate was about equivalent to the extent that named Russians. (Around 10 percent of the Uzbeks said they might want to have a Russian child or girl in-law. ) And similar examples were obvious when respondents were gotten some information about favored nationalities among their neighbors and associates at work. Reports depicted an authority Uzbekistani government strategy of victimization the Tajik minority. Progressively about the lt;gt;Population of Uzbekistan. UzbekistanUzbekistan Other Social AffiliationsUzbekistan Other social factors likewise characterize the personalities and loyalties of people in Uzbekistan and impact their conduct. Frequently provincial and faction characters assume a significant job that supplants explicitly ethnic ID. In the stru

Legalizing Marijuanna Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

Authorizing Marijuanna Authorizing Marijuana The motivation behind this paper is to talk about maryjane and look at the two sides of the issue of sanctioning weed. We have two inverse feelings battling one another, the individuals who are expert weed and the individuals who are hostile to weed. These different sides have been battling on this issue for a considerable length of time. Master weed authorization gatherings, for example, the Physician's Association for AIDS Care contend that weed ought to be legitimized so as to treat at death's door patients. Among them are AIDS casualties who find that cannabis invigorates their hungers so they can ward off hazardous ailments. Glaucoma victims who have utilized cannabis said it has kept them from going visually impaired, and for malignant growth patients it has assisted with easing serious sickness that regularly is a symptom of chemotherapy and at times makes lifesaving treatment outlandish. Likewise, numerous supporters who are star cannabis whine that morphine and cocaine are l egitimate and are exceptionally perilous medications, that raises the inquiry why not legitimize pot as clinical medication which is demonstrated to be less hazardous than cocaine and morphine. Campaigning bunches in a San Diego, California, chamber board consistently casted a ballot to ask president Bill Clinton and congress to end government limitations against the utilization of maryjane for legitement clinical use. Weed can be a medication of need in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, malignant growth and numerous sclerosis. Numerous organizations, which are hostile to pot, for example, Drug Enforcement Agency and police offices, contend that maryjane shouldn't be authorized. These organizations accept that weed shouldn't be authorized in such a case that maryjane is to become legitimate then it will turn out to be a lot simpler for individuals who needn't bother with the medication to procure it. At that point individuals will bring up the issue for what reason is maryjane unlawf ul at all if its a medication. The primary motivation behind why the Drug Enforcement Agency doesn't need cannabis to be legitimate is on the grounds that there is no bad-to-the-bone proof that demonstrates that maryjane is a successful medication as a medication. In twenty years of research have delivered no dependable logical verification that pot has clinical worth. The American Cancer Society, American Glaucoma Society, the National Multiple Sclerosis, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, or the American Medical Association, state that their is no proof that maryjane is a medication. The organizations likewise contends that no other medication recommended is smoked and that realized discoveries show that weed is intensely hurtful to AIDS, Cancer patients on the grounds that the dynamic fixing in cannabis intensely diminishes the bodies white platelets which fend off contamination. The Drug Enforcement Agency alongside police offices everywhere throughout the United States acce pt, with the legitimization of medications, wrongdoing will increment because of a higher increment of pot clients which will in the long run become addicts will in any case or execute so as to get their medications. These are the primary concerns and reasons why the Drug named cannabis shouldn't be sanctioned in the United States of America. Book index na Recent developments

Chicken Noodle Soup - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Chicken Noodle Soup - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Chicken Noodle Soup In my family, I am known for cooking one thing well; my homemade chicken noodle soup. I take great pride in making this, and it becomes a half day process of cooking the chicken just right, making sure I have fresh celery, onions and carrots, and the right type of noodles. The carrots and celery need to be cut to just the right size, and the chicken needs to be shredded, not chopped (yes, I know, I am a little type-A at times), and the noodles have to be just the right type. After all of the lengthy preparations, it then takes a while to cook, with an occasional stir, adding the cream sauce, tasting to see if it needs salt (it always does!), etc. Finally, after what seems like a lifetime, or three to four hours in reality, it is time to eat. This is kind of how admissions works. There is a lot of preparation time, and I mean a lot of it. We received almost 18,000 applications again this year, scanned over 150,000 pages of materials, imported over 12,000 online school evaluations and teacher recommendations, etc. We then have to match all these things up with the files, review the academic materials, move forward with the holistic reading process, all the while still talking, emailing and running information sessions with applicants and prospective students. And I have left off about half of the other things we do such as admission travel, scholarships and special programs. Right now, we are at the cooking stage. We have matched up the last of the documents, are almost done with the academic reviews, and jumped in feet first into the holistic read process this week. If you are missing something in your file, contact the teacher/counselor/testing agency first to make sure it was sent, then contact us. The only exceptions are a few last paper applications and about eight GA411 applicants who left off their SSN that we are still working on. But overall, we have done all the prep work, and we are now moving forward with the next part of the recipe. Remember that right now we are going to go into reading season, and we will be somewhat less accessible to the public so we can have decisions out by late March. We apologize for not being as available, but it takes a lot of people reading a lot of applications to get decisions out. If you want the soup to taste just right, you dont want to rush the cook! Next week, I will start talking a little more about our holistic read process, and what we look at within an application. For now, just wait while finish the cooking, and have yourself a nice bowl of chicken noodle soup. Go Dawgs!

Eliminate the Drinking Age in Canada Essay - 865 Words

Around the world, alcohol is used in many different ways: consuption, disinfectent,in religion and is also used for havin a good time. Consuming large amounts of alcohol can leave you in a drunk state and too much alcohol can kill you. This is why there is a legal driking age in Canada. However in certain parts of Europe, there is not a drinking age and even with no drinking age, there are less alcohol involved accidents per year. We should eliminate the drinking age in Canada because it will reduce the amount of accidents caused involving alcohol, will prevent fewer people from becoming alcoholics and will lower the amount of crimes committed. Eliminaiting the dri king age in Canada will decrease the amount of†¦show more content†¦This could have been prevented if we did not have a drinking age. A young adult is more likely to have a drink because they enjoy breaking the rules and a thirty year old will have more common sense and moderate their drinking. If there was no law to the age limit of drinking, then it would not be a big deal to young adults since there is no rule to be broken, and therefore they could be doing something that a fourteen year old might be also doing which in their state of mind becomes lame. Eliminaiting the drinking age will also help prevent less people from becoming alcoholics. Even though this fact can be hard to comprehend it is a true and proven fact. There are many different reasons why a person drinks, such as depression caused by the death of a loved one, to forget bad memories, to fit insocially and to follow their role models. In the Hunger Game series, the character Hamitch is a heavy alcoholic. He drinks because he wants to forget the memories that he had during the games. Alcohol affects many parts of ones body including the brain. It mainly causes problems for the persons memory like in the movie The Hangover (2007). Alcohol affects the hippocampus, the part of the brain that is responsibl e for memory. Alcohol is a depreseant due to the fact that it slows the brain down. The sugarShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Of Nz Women s Health Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pageshealth focus Assessment 1 (Individual Report) Submitted by: Kristabel Graizel C. Martinez CIB00003C2 Submitted to: Kaylene Tribe Introduction The Health Promotion Agency’s (HPA) â€Å"Don’t know? Don’t drink† movement aims to stop women from drinking anytime during pregnancy to reduce the potential harm that it can give to the unborn child (AlcoholNZ, 2015). New Zealand’s society has become more tolerant to regular alcohol consumption, which results to the increasing rate of women, especiallyRead MoreEssay Canada ´s New Democratic Party820 Words   |  4 PagesDemocratic Party (NDP) is one of the major federal political parties in Canada. The NDP was formed in 1961 as the result of the merger of two different parties. 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Children And Violence in Video Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1685 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Violence in Video Games Essay Did you like this example? Violence in Video Games Video Games are always being criticized for causing people to become lazier and in some cases become more violent. Politicians also have a tendency to use them as scapegoats whenever some kind of shooting happens and they need to take the pressure off. Why is that? Is it true that video games make people more violent or just a myth? Should parents take actions or has the argument been so screwed that people dont know about the positives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Children And Violence in Video Games" essay for you Create order Should video games should actually be encouraged because of the many benefits it provides, such as improved keyboard typing, increased reaction speed, and stress alleviation. In addition video games a medium to spread artistic works, increase social engagement, and even speak positive morals to a mass of people, as they by nature are connected to the internet. Video Games have been around for decades, starting back since the nineteen fifties.   In October 1958, Physicist William Higinbotham created what is thought to be the first video game. It was a very simple tennis game, similar to the classic 1970s video game Pong, and it was quite a hit at a Brookhaven National Laboratory open house. (Chodos) Though this game was basic is was the start of what would be multibillion dollar industry. In 1964 Sanders Associates received the first patent for a video game. Magnavox bought the patent and produced video game systems beginning in the early 1970s.(Chodos) The patient was when video games really started to take off, as people realised money could be made off of it. For years there has been debates over violent video games and their effects on if they make people more aggressive. Studies have recently come out with a proving that they do. An international study looking at more than 17,000 adolescents, ages nine to 19, from 2010 to 2017, found playing violent video games led to increased physical aggression over time.(Snider).   The study concluded that kids playing certain games containing physical violence were more likely to show increased behavioral problems. The analysis of 24 studies from countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany and Japan found those who played violent games such as Grand Theft Auto, Call of Duty and Manhunt were more likely to exhibit behavior such as being sent to the principals office for fighting or hitting a non-family member. (Snider). Many influential figures even have weighed in on the topic. Trump said, Im hearing more and more people say the level of violence on video games is really shaping young peoples t houghts. Many people think that school shootings have a strong correlations with   violent video games. Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick last week said that violence in video games have desensitized children to violence in the real world. Patrick was speaking just days after a teenager killed 10, eight students and two teachers, at a high school in Santa Fe, Texas.(Aupperlee) Many groups have done studies on video game violence and aggressive behavior with many saying there is a link between the two, but no hard evidence has been found. The American Psychological Association in 2015 stated that violent video games are linked to aggression but that there wasnt enough evidence to suggest violence in video games causes criminal behavior.(Aupperlee) Though there are correlations, due to the fact that everyone responds differently to them, it is very hard to come up with a concrete cause and effect. Parents should be more informed about the types of games their children play. Many people never read the fine print when making a purchase, leaving them unaware of what strings are attached. Most people never take the time to read the fine print, but knowing what you are agreeing to when you put a check in the acknowledgment box is actually pretty important. These terms outline the services rights and responsibilities, as well as your rights and responsibilities when using the site. (webroot). This could easily transfer over to videogames as many parents are unaware of what people hide in the fine print. In short, the company has the right to use anything you place on their site; in any way they choose including the right to identify you by name and through photos and video. That is why we should have parents sign contracts on any video game, as you are much more likely to read something that has your signature on it. Video Games helps develop social skills. For example Jones further argues that the online communities that have developed around Internet gaming provide a form of social interaction for many who have poor social skills and feel isolated within their communities.(Zamani) This allows people who are more shy than other to interact without seeing them face to face, and in some cases reduce social anxiety. Another fact is that games help with typing skills, Check out Typing of the Dead: Overkill, a twisted gem of a game that trades light guns for keyboards. Instead of shooting at zombies with bullets, youll need to type out the on-screen prompts as quickly and accurately as you can. With randomized word selection and multiple difficulties, Typing of the Dead will put even the most adept keyboardist through the grinder (Robert)This is helpful in school, work, or life, such as when you have to type an essay on a Chromebook about the benefits of video games. Overall Video Games provide several overall benefits that help you in everyday life. Video Games also have health benefits. Playing can actually produce an analgesic (pain-killing) response in our higher cortical systems. (Video game play may provide learning, health, social benefits, review finds) Video Games can help with stress and pain. Another fact is,   In one study, players who were immersed in fast-paced games were 25 percent faster in reacting to questions about an image they had just seen compared to non-players. (Mental Floss) Gamers have a faster reflex time, allowing them to see things a little bit faster. Video Game benefits also improve your health, in more ways than most people know. Certain video games cause violence. Violent video games have been blamed for school shootings, increases in bullying, and violence towards women. Critics argue that these games desensitize players to violence, reward players for simulating violence, and teach children that violence is an acceptable way to resolve conflicts. For example 60% of middle school boys and 40% of middle school girls who played at least one Mature-rated (M-rated) game hit or beat up someone, compared with 39% of boys and 14% of girls who did not play M-rated games. A 2014 peer-reviewed study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that habitual violent video game playing had a causal link with increased, long-term, aggressive behavior.(procon) Studies have also shown that violence is not caused by video games. As a result, video games have more positive effects than negative. Many people claim that the ESRB rating is just fine, and that it effectively does its job. Research shows that many parents know about the rating system as studies have shown(See image 1). Conducted by Hart Research Associates, ESRB commissions surveys to regularly assess parents awareness and use of the ESRB rating system. The latest study, conducted in July of 2018, includes the following results: 86% of parents are aware of the ESRB rating system,74% regularly check a games rating before making a purchase, 66% are aware of content descriptors, 85% of whom check them regularly.(ESRB) Also video game store have also been very good at preventing underage purchases shows another study. The FTC also periodically conducts nationwide undercover audits, or mystery shops, of movie theaters and DVD, music, and video game retailers. Their most recent survey found that 87% of individuals under the age of 17 were turned away when trying to purchase or rent Mature-rated games. (ESRB) Companies did a very good job at enforcing their policies. My solution is still better, because it does not take much convincing to get a M-rated game or to have a friend buy it for you. In all states, the age requirement to sign a contract is 18 years of age. A child under the age of 18 is considered a minor and is unable to sign a contract unless it is for essential items.(FreeAdvice) If a child tried to go behind your back, only a legal guardian could allow them to get the game. If your minor child has signed a contract for a non-essential item without your approval, the contract is not valid. (Free Advice) This makes it near impossible for minors to get anything without your knowing, making it so adults know what their kids are getting and what they contain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the day it is the parent who is responsible for their childs actions. Signing a contract forces you to pay attention to what your kid is doing in their free time. By limiting what they have access to or being well informed about a product, will allow parents to take steps to prevent toxic behaviors to occur. (Image 1) Works Cited Aupperlee, Aaron. Are Video Games to Blame for School Shootings? TribLIVE.com, 1 June 2018, triblive.com/usworld/world/13686252-74/are-video-games-to-blame-for-school-shootings. Chodos, Alan. October 1958: Physicist Invents First Video Game. American Physical Society, aps.org/publications/apsnews/200810/physicshistory.cfm. Consumer Research. Consumer Research about ESRB Ratings Awareness and Use, www.esrb.org/about/awareness.aspx. Is a Contract Signed by a Minor Valid? FreeAdvice, law.freeadvice.com/general_practice/contract_law/contract_valid.htm. Roberts, David. 10 Useful Skills You Can Learn by Playing Video Games. Gamesradar, GamesRadar+ The Games, Movies and TV You Love, 13 Aug. 2017, www.gamesradar.com/10-useful-skills-you-can-learn-playing-video-games/. Snider, Mike. Study Confirms Link between Violent Video Games and Physical Aggression. USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 2 Oct. 2018, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2018/10/01/violent-video-games-tie-physical-aggression-confirmed-study/1486188002/. Violent Video Games ProCon.org. Do Violent Video Games Contribute to Youth Violence?, videogames.procon.org/. Why Read the Fine Print? Webroot, www.webroot.com/us/en/resources/tips-articles/why-read-the-fine-print. Zamani, Eshrat, et al. Addiction Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905509/. 15 Surprising Benefits of Playing Video Games. Mental Floss, 12 Sept. 2017, mentalfloss.com/article/65008/15-surprising-benefits-playing-video-games.

Disruptive Innovation Free Essays

1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on Disruptive Innovation using Clayton Christensen’s framework. Apart from this, this assignment also tells how the companies should react to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Innovation There is no specific definition for innovation as such. But, according to me, innovation is creating something new or changing the old to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increasing customer demands. This is achieved either by introducing new products, new ideas, and processes or just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating and creating new products and services has become very important topic of concern for all the organizations in today’s rapidly changing world. If you are not innovative, you may never know when your products become obsolete. 1. 2 Types of Innovation There are three main types of Innovations: Sustaining innovation: This type of innovation needs to be developed to ensure that the customers are satisfied with the products and services and to stay in the game. For example upgrading the processor from dual core to Intel core i3 to i5 and enhancing the performance of computers. Breakthrough Innovations: These innovations upgrade the level of existing category of products or services. For example I phone was a breakthrough innovation in the world of mobile market. It changed the perspective of the customers and eventually other companies started following the trend. Disruptive Innovation: In this type of innovation a new product or a sevice is introduced that creates a new market or massively alters an old one so that old players cannot compete. They are called disruptive because they disrupt the current behavior of the market. For example Introduction of computers was a disruptive innovation for companies who manufactured typewriters. According to Clayton Christensen Disruptive innovation offers lower performance initially as per the current market demand. But, at the same time it provides some new attributes which prosper in some different market. After conquering different markets, it eventually displaces the former market. Here we will talk about the hydrogen fuel Cell vehicle a disruptive innovation. How the introduction of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will disrupt the market for oil industry, current internal combustion engine manufacturers and many others. At the same time we shall talk about how the companies are responding to this upcoming technology and how are they coping up with the new technology. Before going into the statistic part let us know in brief how the hydrogen fuel cell works, how it is different from internal combustion engine and what the benefits of hydrogen fuel cell are. 2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell a disruptive Innovation A fuel cell is an electrochemical device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It uses hydrogen and oxygen from air to produce electricity. Since no combustion is involved, it does not emit harmful gases and the efficiency of such device is much higher than an internal combustion engine. Apart from this it does not involve any moving part hence making it more silent and reliable source of energy. 2. 1 Working Hydrogen fuel cell consists of two catalysts anode and cathode, and an electrolyte. Hydrogen is fed to anode and oxygen from air is fed to cathode. At anode, catalyst causes hydrogen to split into positively charged ions protons and negatively charged ions electrons. The electrolyte, that is polymer electrolyte membrane allows only positive ion to flow through it. So the protons pass through membrane towards cathode and electrons pass through the external circuit towards the cathode. The flow of electron from the external circuit causes the current and eventually it goes to cathode and combines with positive ion and oxygen to emit water or water vapor. Hydrogen is is a fuel of great potential. Thought it is not an energy source, but it is an energy carrier. Hydrogen can be manufactured using renewable energy resources such as wind, solar etc. the research is still on on how to produce hydrogen on a larger scale. Following Figure show the working of a hydrogen Fuel Cell. Figure 1: Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 2. 2 Benefits of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Following are the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell Zero green house gas Emissions: As water is the byproduct of the fuel cell, the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur monoxide, etc is not there. Hence, it is a zero emission product. Though some amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but research is on to manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution: As there are no harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution will be reduced considerably. Improved efficiency: Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A conventional combustion egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and has the potential to reach 85%. Other Benefits: the transportation will be oil independent, since there are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2. 3 Applications Fuel cells have wide range of applications. Following are the applications of a fuel cell: Transportation system: currently oil industry and internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping environment and diminishing resources of fuel in mind it is predicted that by 2025 – 2030, hydrogen fuel cell will dominate the transportation sector. Power Generation: Fuel cell can also be used to generate power. It can be stationary power or a portable power. 2. 4 Challenges Following are the challenges that a fuel cell faces today: Cost: Cost of a fuel cell is a major concern right now. Due to expensive materials like platinum is used as a catalyst, the cost of fuel cell shoots up. but the research is on and it is most likely that the cost of a fuel cell will come down to $30 – $50/KW for transportation and $1500/KW for stationery power. Storage: Storage of hydrogen is again another concern especially for the transportation system since it has very low density in terms of volume. Research in this area is also going on to store the hydrogen fuel at high pressure. Infrastructure: Again to develop infrastructure for hydrogen is a big challenge cost wise. To develop infrastructure a collaboration will be required between automotive and energy companies. Other challenges include the safety issues to carry hydrogen, Durability of the fuel cell and public acceptance. But research I going on in all the areas and there will definitely be a solution to all the challenges. 3 Clayton Christensen’s Theory of disruptive technology Christensen developed a framework that could be applied to any market at any point of time so long as the attributes to be measured qualify for the characteristics presented in his framework. According to Christensen, companies fail because of the following reasons: Companies depend on customers and investors for resources: if the company doesn’t satisfy the customers or the shareholders, it will be difficult for the company to survive Small market cannot provide the growth needed by large companies: Large companies concentrate their efforts where the returns are high and often concentrate where the cost of sales is high. Technology supply exceeds the demand: Rapidly developing technology may often outpace the customer’s needs. When such thing happens opportunity for new entrants develop to enter into the market and come with a new product. Companies with best technology tend to improve the existing product often incrementally. And while focusing on the top end customers, a lower end market remains unserved until a new entrant comes with a potentially disruptive technology. And eventually new market begins to grow. And once this new market starts gaining the footage, it causes the existing technology to become obsolete. Following graph will help us understand Christensens framework more clearly. Figure 2: Clayton Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology The market is always divided into tiers the higher end market that represents the main customers who buy the product and the lower end market represents the customers who are least to buy the products. And performance is the main criteria by which customers buy the product. Sustaining innovation: As explained earlier, it could be incremental or radical that improves product performance for the main customers. The focus is mainly on improving the performance of the existing products and satisfying the main customers. Disruptive Innovation: It enters in the lower tier of the market with lower cost and attractive value for the lower market customers. Following are the charecteristics of a disruptive technology. * Offers low performance * Targets small market * It is tied with uncertainties * It introduces a new performance criteria in a new dimension * Generally non market leaders introduce such new products in a lower tier market with attributes to benefit lower end market. Moving back to the graph on Christensen’s framework for disruptive innovation, disruptive technology with an innovation enters at point ‘a’ with a lower rate for lower end market. At the same time market leaders are improvising their product using sustaining technologies and satisfying the mainline customers. And when the sustaining technology reaches point ‘b’, it is the peak time for the sustaining technology and after that the market gets saturated. This is the time when the market leaders need to innovate something new and create the new market. After point ‘b’, supply crosses demand. On the other hand, disruptive innovation enters at point ‘a’ satisfies the lower end customers and after improvising it reaches point ‘c’ the main stream customers. At point ‘c’ now, it is very late for sustaining technology to develop a new product for the main stream customers. Here it is very important to distinguish between different types of innovation. Incremental innovation occurs when small improvements are made to products/services. These, basically strengthens the market position of the firm and entrenches the industry. Radical Innovation occurs when major improvements are made to the products/services. These changes require new marketing channels and often put other firms out of competition and at the same time make old technologies obsolete. Transformational innovation occurs when the innovation is of such a nature that it destroys whole industry and changes the nature of the market. So if we have to summarize Christensen’s framework it would be, as the sustaining technology improves along the mainstream customer, disruptive technology enters at the lower end market, improvises along the existing dimensions and enters the main stream market. It eventually changes the basis of the competition from functionality to reliability and from reliability to convenience and eventually to price. Now, let’s apply this Christensen’s framework to today’s automotive world that is internal combustion engine as the sustaining technology and the hydrogen fuel cell as the disruptive technology. 3. 1 Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology with the Christensen’s Framework of Disruptive Technology Let us compare the performance of fuel economy and green house gas emissions of internal combustion engine and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. From the graph, we can agree that internal combustion engine is a sustaining technology incrementally improving its performance. Initially let’s say in 1980’s the fuel economy of a vehicle was around 4-6 km/l of gasoline and now it is around 12-15 km/l. green house gas emissions have also reduced by introducing hybrid option. But it is predicted that internal combustion engine will reach the point ‘b’ somewhere by 2015. That is it will reach the saturation level of innovation. Further development in internal combustion engine will result in more of supply than demand. This is the time when people will anticipate the change, and the change of disruptive technology in our case it is hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Initially it keeps emerging and improves the performance in new dimension and tries to attract the main market stream. During the time emergence hydrogen fuel cell through experimentation seeks commercialization. And it is predicted by 2020 it will seek commercialization. Meanwhile, the internal combustion engine will steadily grow beyond the customer demand and will start losing its hold in the main market. In 2020, at point ‘c’, the market is ready to accept high performance vehicle, in terms of fuel economy. And beyond this point, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle keeps on improving rapidly. This will eventually bring the phase out of an internal combustion engine and forcing it out of the market by 2030 – 2040 completely and hydrogen fuel cell vehicle becoming the base technology. Beyond this it will improve incrementally until the new disruptive comes and phase out the hydrogen fuel cell technology. Green House Gas Emission Global warming is one of the prime reasons fro shifting the paradigm from internal combustion engine to hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Following graph shows the global warming potential of gasoline, flex fuels and hydrogen fuel cell in various stages from manufacturing to the end of life of a vehicle. Figure 3: Global Warming potential comparison of 3 different types of Engine. It is clear from the graph global warming potential that is emission of harmful gases from a fuel cell vehicle is less than a gasoline and the flex fuel vehicle. From the graph, it is seen that only while production for the fuel of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the emission of harmful gases is high, but it is very less compared to the gasoline and flex fuels. Apart from that, research is also going on for producing hydrogen using renewably resources such as wind, solar and nuclear. 3. 2 Conclusion It is evident that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is a disruptive technology and will cause a phase out for the internal combustion engine. But when we compare it to the Christensen’s framework, it slightly contradicts. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in literal sense are not targeting the lower market initially. The cost of the product is not low. But all other parameters remain the same. It is focusing on the new dimension and at the same time it is threat to the internal combustion engine world. Apart from this slight difference, hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is definitely a disruptive innovation, and will definitely lead to transformation of technologies and will change the basis of competition from fuel economy to green house gas reductions with the environmental pressure. 4 Current Scenario If we talk about hydrogen fuel cell in today’s world, it is still an emerging technology which looks solid and promising in terms of fuel economy and reduction in green house gas emission. Research in this particular area is going on all around the world since the global warming level is increasing and the environmental pressure is acting on all the governments. In this scenario, the companies who are already into research in this area will survive and the companies that are still not doing any kind of research or innovation and still trying to improve the sustaining technology might just phase out of the competition. Further we will see cases and findings of various companies in this area including oil industry, automotive industry and the industries related to this huge sector of industries. 4. 1 Oil Industry: Today, the energy sector is run majorly by oil industry. And majorly oil after refining is consumed by transportation industry. Around 90%of the oil is consumed by the transportation industry, and out of that around 50% of the industry consumes gasoline and the rest is diesel, LPG, Naphtha etc. Major players in this oil industry today are Saudi aramco, shell, BP, Exxon Mobil and chevron. Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)is the major producer of the oil today and has the maximum exports all over the world, then it is followed by other companies. Apart from green house gas emissions and environmental pressure, the increasing rate of oil so frequently gives us an idea that even the oil reserves are diminishing day by day. Now increasing research and development in this area poses threat on oil industry as well. Even the oil industries have started doing research in this area. Basically these companies are doing research on how to produce hydrogen using the existing technologies in large scale. Following are some of the findings of the oil companies in this area. 4. 1. 1 Saudi Aramco (Source: http://www. keei. re. kr/keei/download/seminar/101117/II101118_b02. pdf, www. saudiaramco. com, www. mbifoundation. com/media/18961/final%20bpr. pdf) Following are some of the conclusion made by research and development department of Saudi Aramco. : * H2 production using existing petroleum infrastructure will be a potential economical option compared to other technologies. * Need to integrate the carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies along with hydrogen production for efficient carbon management. Alternate hydrogen production technologies, such as electrolysis and renewable sources, have significant technical and economical challenges (energy intensive and high capital). * Significant progress made in the demonstration of liquid hydrocarbons to hydrogen. Apart from this, Saudi Aramco has also filed a patent in US office for the naphtha based fuels which can also be used for veh icular purpose. 4. 1. 2 Shell ( Source: http://www. shell. com/home/content/environment_society/environment/climate_change/biofuels_alternative_energies_transport/hydrogen/, http://articles. atimes. com and http://www. thelivingmoon. com/41pegasus/02files/Alternate_Fuel_Shell_Oil_Hydrogen. html) Shell had started its research on this topic since 1999 and had anticipated the change in the world of automotive industry and power sector long back. Shell has joined hands with the leading car making companies and power companies and working on this project. Shell is already working in collaboration with Siemens, Toyota, Daimler Chrysler and has reached a long way in this area. It has also opened various hydrogen fuel stations in United States of America, Europe and Asia. And it is offering free fillips at various fueling station just to promote the upcoming technology. Following picture is one of the fueling station in United States of America where hydrogen fueling is provided. Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel Station by Shell 4. 1. 3 BP: (Source: http://www. bp. com) Like Shell, BP is also one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. As one of the world’s largest energy enterprises, BP has been extensively involved in hydrogen energy demonstration projects around the world to explore feasible solutions to hydrogen economy. In China, BP and PRC Ministry of Science ; Technology have been co-working on a hydrogen energy project to set up China’s first hydrogen fueling station in Beijing. Apart from this BP has joined hands with the leading companies like Daimler Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Solarex and working on various projects like fuel efficiency, CO2 management, Hydrogen Fuel Cell. Apart from the companies all these companies also join their hands with various Universities who help the in doing their research. 4. 1. 4 Exxon Mobil: (Source: http://www. exxonmobil. com, http://www. dutchdailynews. com/air-products-and-exxonmobil-start-up-new-world-scale-hydrogen-production-plant-in-rotterdam/) Exxon Mobil again is not left ehind in the research of hydrogen fuel cell and the production of hydrogen on a large scale. Following are some of the research that Exxon Mobil is working on * It is conducting breakthrough research on Hydrogen Production Technology * It is also trying to improve its existing technology at the same time by continuously improving the efficiency of internal combustion engine and reducing the emission of harmful gases. * On 10th F eb 2012 Air products and Exxon Mobil started a large scale Hydrogen Production Plant in Rotterdam. Apart from this, ExxonMobil is also developing an innovative on-board hydrogen-powered fuel cell system that converts conventional hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel into hydrogen for a fuel cell right under a vehicle’s hood. Apart from this there are various other small industries that are into this hydrogen fuel cell research for example Reliance from India is also doing its bit in this area. 4. 2 Automotive Industry We have seen the response and reaction of oil Industry so far, Now let us see the response of automotive industry worldwide. We shall go country wise in this case to know the response of various industries and development in various countries in this specific area. 4. 2. 1 United States Of America: United States of America is spending millions of dollars every year in the research of hydrogen fuel Cell. They have demonstrations with many private companies. Daimler Chrysler Company developed its first fuel cell truck in 2000. The main aim of USA is to make Fuel Cell Vehicle available at an affordable cost. General Motors: General motors one of the oldest companies of USA is planning to get 1000 fuel cell vehicles on road by 2013-2015. Ford Motor Company: Ford is also planning to launch its commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in 2015. 4. 2. 2 Japan: One can say Japan is the very first to start the research in this area and it is since 1981. It was in Japan in Tokyo electric Company, Toshiba and an American based company fuel cell company manufactured and installed an 11 MW power plant (Source: www. platinummetalsreview. com/pdf/pmr-v33-i1-010-012. pdf). Apart from this the major Japanese automotive companies look promising in terms of Hydrogen uel cell vehicle compared to other companies in the world. Toyota: Toyota has promised in its recent Autocar show that it will start selling the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in USA specifically in California, since by 2015 it is predicted that there will be 68 hydrogen fueling stations in California. (Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Honda: CEO Takanobu Ito just annou nced that Honda will launch a new fuel-cell electric car in the U. S. and Europe starting in 2015. It will â€Å"showcase further technological advancement and significant cost reduction. † Honda has already been letting consumers test its fleet of FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell cars for a couple of years (Source: http://www. firstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) Nissan: Nissan has also announced its interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicle and has declared that it is ready to mass produce hydrogen fuel cell cars by 2015 (Source: http://www. irstcoastnews. com/news/article/276774/11/Automakers-take-fresh-look-at-hydrogen-fuel-cells) 4. 2. 3 Europe: Europe is not left behind in this research. All the major brands BMW, Mercedes Volkswagen etc have shown interest in hydrogen fuel cell, but at the same time have said hydrogen fuel cell will take at least 10 more years to commercialize. 4. 2. 4 India: India is the place where we can say Christensen’s framework is applicable perfectly. He re the auto rickshaw for the lower end market has been made using hydrogen fuel cell. t was displayed at pragati maidan in January 2012 and is expected to hit the road by 2015. Source: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/10/02/business/energy-environment/hydrogen-fuels-autorickshaws-and-dreams-of-cleaner-air. html? pagewanted=all_r=0) Apart from this biggies like TATA Motors and Mahindra and Mahindra have shown interest in this area. Tata Motors have manufactured the bus based on hydrogen fuel cell technology known as starbus. Following figure shows the Auto Rickshaw and the Hydrogen fuel cell Bus Figure 5: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in india Following are some of the comments from various high profile executives from various companies: * Executives from Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and Volkswagen see fuel-cell vehicles as being further out, and most have not said when they’ll have vehicles on the market. * â€Å"We don’t see it as early as Toyota does,† said Oliver Schmidt, general manager of engineering with the VW Group. â€Å"We see it in the 2020 time frame. * Joe Bakaj, Ford vice president of powertrain engineering, said, â€Å"The question is when (will) fuel-cell vehicles become affordable to customers,† specifically when the fuel-cell stack competes with the battery pack on cost. * â€Å"Within 10 years, I think they will be as affordable as full battery vehicles, and the fuel cell will have a big advantage in range,† Bakaj said. â€Å"We think it will happen in the next 10 years. † * Gary Smyth, GM executive director work ing on global research and development, said he sees little commitment in the U. S. to the necessary infrastructure by 2015. Source: http://content. usatoday. com/communities/driveon/post/2012/08/toyota-to-start-selling-hydrogen-fuel-cell-car-in-2015/1#. UHFOcE3Mj38) Part from all this various other countries and companies have shown immense amount of interest in hydrogen fuel cell Recently Korea and Korean company Hyundai has also announced an hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch by 2015. So the major companies all around the world and the allied companies are responding really well to the upcoming technology of hydrogen fuel cell and all of them are doing their bit to save the environment. 5 Conclusion: It is very clear from the above assignment that hydrogen fuel cell is the future of the world. It is definitely one of the biggest disruptive technologies of all time. Biggest because, once the technology is commercialized, many big players all around the world will have to change their base of technology. Technology innovation and upcoming technologies are posing threat on the current industry and are eventually forcing companies out of business. New technologies are exerting power to shape the market and change the basis of the competition. Hence, it is important for the companies to continuously assess the technologies and capabilities. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Essay examples Disruptive Innovation Free Essays In order to remain afloat in this ever changing market, companies must have a sound proof strategy. According to Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland, a company’s strategy is its action plan for outperforming its competitors and achieving superior profitability. (Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble and Strickland p. We will write a custom essay sample on Disruptive Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4) One well known strategy or theory of many companies is a term called disruptive innovation. Disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen. It explains the process of a product or service preliminary application initiating from the bottom of the market that replaces an already established product or service. This theory has created a significant impact on management practices in all types of industries. It has created debates of how â€Å"executives and managers are in need of research that will elevate the pursuit of successful innovations from a gut-level, intuition-driven art to something more closely resembling a science based on repeatable processes with predictable results.† (Raynor, p. 27) In doing so, it has also created a sense of conflict between entrants, incumbents and disrupters to see which organization will remain the top supplier. Innovation is always on the top mind for all CEOs. Understanding how to identify disruptive innovations before they become mainstream and take advantage of the ‘†white space† is a skill to cultivate. Disruptive Innovation patterns are always changing and sometimes are very difficult to see because of it’s rapid growth. Similarities; Raynor: Disruption theory can be used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions. As of now the disruption theory of innovation is the only one with evidence to support the assertion that it can improve predictive accuracy. 1. Used to shape existing innovation ideas in ways consistent with the theory’s prescriptions 2. a particular perspective on innovation – is based on its superior explanatory and predictive power 3. entrants attacked successful incumbents by adopting the incumbents’ models and technological solutions – what he called a â€Å"sustaining† strategy-they tended to fail. However, driven by their desire to grow, the upstart entrants were strongly motivated to improve their initial offerings in ways that would allow them to compete effectively for the larger, more lucrative mainstream markets. This was the entrants’ â€Å"upmarket march,† and entrants that marched upmarket successfully eventually captured the customers that had been the incumbents’ mainstay. Differences: Whatever ambiguities might remain in making the relevant categorizations (incumbent vs. entrant; sustaining vs. disruptive) the data reveal that overall; disruption theory makes better prediction possible. In contrast, entrants tended to succeed by combining a business model tailored to the needs of a relatively less attractive market – the entrants’ foothold – with an ability to improve their original solutions in ways that allowed them to provide superior performance that incumbents were unable to replicate – the upmarket march In contrast, I make a more limited and modest claim: disruption theory can deliver statistically significant and practically material improvement in the ability to innovate successfully. Christensen and Overdorf 1. ? Difference – Managers lack thinking about their organizations capapbilities as they think about individual peoples capabilities. Pg 68 2. Our research suggests that three factors affect what an organization can and cannot do; its resources, its processes and its values pg 68 3. Differences;or similarities . As companies become large, they lose the ability to enter small emerging markets. Cause by an evolution of values. Pg 70 4. Disruptive innovation can create an entirely new market through the introduction of a new kind of product or service, one that is actually worst. Pg 72 5. Differences: Sustaining innovation are nearly always developed and introduced by established industry leaders. But do not cope well with disruptive innovations. Pg 72 6. Similarity: DI occurs so intermittently that no company has a routine process for handling them. Inconsistent with the company’s value. How to cite Disruptive Innovation, Papers

Seventies Essays - Fashion, Culture, Music, California,

Seventies How the 1970's Shaped American History The Nineteen Seventies was a pop culture decade. From Hippies to Disco and Saturday Night Fever to The Brady Bunch, the Seventies were full of cultural changes that shaped society for years to come. Although pop culture was important, many political outcomes also occurred. The Watergate scandal, the official end of the Vietnam conflict, and the United States Bicentennial all happened during this decade. Oil and nuclear problems arose, and Abortion was legalized for the first time. The Nineteen Seventies are often tarnished by remembrances of them, but in actuality many advances did occur in this ten-year span. When looking back at entertainment, fashion, and music history of the nineteen seventies these were probably the greatest and most influential events of this decade. Many movie stars such as Jane Fonda, Robert Redford, and John Travolta arose in this decade. Movies like Jaws, Saturday Night Fever, Rocky and Star Wars were on the movie screens and were a new type of uninhibited film that had never before been socially allowed before the seventies. Musically, with the exception of Disco of course, the seventies will be highly revered. Lynrd Skynrd, Bob Marley, Simon and Garfunkel, Led Zeppelin, The Eagles and countless other groups arose on the rock scene. We must however also acknowledge Disco and groups such as the Bee Gee's and KC and the Sunshine Band. Clothing was completely free and bell bottoms, bikini's and love beads were commonplace. There were no longer strict dress codes and the new free spirit of the seventies definitely demonstrated that. T.V.'s went to color, V.C.R.'s were invented, DNA was just beginning to be unfolded, technology was beginning to blossom. Atari was invented, computers enhanced, and home appliances were rejuvenated. The early seventies entailed such things as the Kent State University Massacre in 1970, which resulted in the deaths of four innocent students by National Guardsmen, and The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973 that helped to spawn the women's movement that engrossed the entire decade. The first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22, 1970 and launched a new environmental movement, and anti war protest were all around until the official U.S. pullout from the Vietnam conflict in 1973. Charles Manson planned the murders of dozens of people, and it was apparent that society was drastically changing. The Richard Nixon Watergate scandal involving Democratic headquarter information that implicated the president in illegal cover-ups and activities with funds was probably the one thing that most people remember most about the 1970's. Those interviewed, and researchers have both said that it was the most significant event of the decade. It caused an intense distrust of the Federal Government, and the Democratic party, which has stemmed into politics today. This event, which led to the impeachment proceedings and ultimate resignation of president Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974 made a lasting impression on politics, government, public opinion, and the way democracy is cared for. Nuclear testing, resulting in health and environmental problems was also a hot topic in this time period. The Nuclear waste spill and radioactive leak at The Three Mile Island Nuclear plant in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1979. The new environmental feeling that was being brought about in this decade helped to bring about the idea of safe nuclear projects and disposal of nuclear waste. Foreign relations, on the whole were not good with Iran, or Russia. We had a hostage crisis with Iran, a Grain embargo with Russia, and an oil embargo leading to a gas crisis in the United States. The feminist movement was at it's pinnacle in the 1970's. Because of activists such as Gloria Steinem and Bella Apzug, women were getting more recognition. Women sports stars such as Billy Jean King were also becoming famous. Workplace discrimination was addressed, rallies held, and "bra burning" commenced. This free time enabled women to fight for what they believed in without worrying about what it would look like to others. The Roe v. Wade decision by the Supreme Court gave women more freedom of choice, as well as the readily available birth control pill. Along with this women's revolution there was a sexual revolution in the 1970's. Contraception was accessible and the sexually transmitted diseases of today were unheard of. This lead to more promiscuity and curiosity involving sexual relations. Drugs were also found everywhere. People were not as afraid of them as they can be now, and punishment was not nearly as severe. With the new free culture came a revived interest in illegal substances. America